Substituted pyrimidines, pharmaceutical compositions and therapeutic methods thereof

ABSTRACT

The invention provide novel pyrimidine derivatives and analogs having inhibitory activities towards certain tyrosine kinases, e.g., Bruton&#39;s tyrosine kinase (Btk) and/or Focal adhesion kinase (FAK), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), pharmaceutical compositions thereof, and methods of treatment, reduction or prevention of certain diseases or conditions mediated by such by tyrosine kinases, e.g., cancers, tumors, fibrosis, inflammatory diseases, autoimmune diseases, diabetes, or immunologically mediated diseases.

PRIORITY CLAIMS AND RELATED PATENT APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit of priority to U.S. ProvisionalApplication Ser. No. 62/550,803, filed on Aug. 28, 2017, the entirecontent of which is incorporated herein by reference.

TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The invention generally relates to novel compounds and therapeutic usesthereof. More particularly, the invention provide novel pyrimidinederivatives and analogs having inhibitory activities towards certaintyrosine kinases, e.g., Bruton's tyrosine kinase, focal adhesion kinase,and/or extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), pharmaceuticalcompositions thereof, and methods of treatment, reduction or preventionof certain diseases or conditions mediated by such by tyrosine kinases,e.g., cancers, inflammatory diseases, fibrosis, autoimmune diseases, orimmunologically mediated diseases.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Cancer is a group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth with thepotential to invade or spread to other parts of the body. More than 100types of cancers are known to affect humans. Over 90 million people hadcancer in 2015 with about 14 million new cases occur a year whilecausing about 15% of human deaths. The most common types of cancerinclude lung cancer, prostate cancer, colorectal cancer and stomachcancer for men, and breast cancer, colorectal cancer, lung cancer andcervical cancer for women. While many treatment options for cancerexist, including surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, hormonaltherapy, targeted therapy and palliative care, cancer remains a tophealth threat.

Inflammatory disorders are a large group of conditions that underlie avast variety of human diseases. Being the body's protective response toinjury and infection, inflammation is a complex process involving manycell types as well as different components of blood. The inflammatoryprocess works quickly to destroy and eliminate foreign and damagedcells, and to isolate the infected or injured tissues from the rest ofthe body. Inflammatory disorders arise when inflammation becomesuncontrolled, and causes destruction of healthy tissue. Manyinflammatory disorders occur when the immune system mistakenly triggersinflammation in the absence of infection, such as inflammation of thejoints in the case of rheumatoid arthritis. Others result from aresponse to tissue injury or trauma but affect the entire body. Overall,the estimated prevalence of immune-mediated inflammatory diseases inWestern society is 5%-7%.

The therapeutics and methods currently available for the management ofdiseases or disorders such as cancers, tumors, fibrosis, inflammatorydiseases, autoimmune diseases, or immunologically mediated diseases areinadequate. There remains an urgent and ongoing need for novel andimproved therapeutics to effectively treat such diseases and conditions.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The invention is based in part on the unexpected discovery of novelpyrimidine derivatives and analogs that exhibit inhibitory activitiestowards certain tyrosine kinases, e.g., Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK)and/or focal adhesion kinase (FAK), and pharmaceutical compositionsthereof. The pyrimidine derivatives disclosed herein are shown toeffectively inhibit BTK and/or other TEC family non-receptor tyrosinekinases, e.g., bone marrow tyrosine kinase (BMX) or interleukin-2inducing T-cell kinase (ITK). In addition, certain pyrimidinederivatives effectively inhibit resistant mutant BTK(C481S) and FAK aswell as BTK. Furthermore, certain pyrimidine derivatives disclosedherein effectively inhibit resistant mutant BTK(C481S), FAK andextracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) as well as BTK.

Also disclosed herein are methods of treatment, reduction or preventionof certain diseases or conditions mediated by such by tyrosine kinases,e.g., BTK, BTK(C481S), FAK, ERK kinases, and/or other TEC familykinases. Such diseases and conditions include cancers, inflammatorydiseases, fibrosis, autoimmune diseases, diabetes, or immunologicallymediated diseases.

In one aspect, the invention generally relates to a compound having thestructural formula of (I):

wherein,

X is NH(CH₂)_(n), O or S, wherein n is 0 or 1;

A is a 5- to 7-membered, aliphatic or aromatic, cyclic or heterocyclicmoiety;

B is a 5- to 7-membered, aliphatic or aromatic, cyclic or heterocyclicmoiety;

R_(1′) may be absent and each of R₁ and R_(1′) (if present) isindependently selected from halogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, CN, OH,amino, carboxylic amide, sulfonamide and R_(1x), wherein R_(1x) isselected from:

optionally with at least one of R₁ and R_(1′) a group comprising anelectrophilic moiety, optionally with R₁ and R_(1′) jointly form a 4- to6-membered aliphatic or aromatic cyclic or heterocyclic moiety;

each of R₂ and R₃ is independently selected from the group consistingof: H, halogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, or R₂ and R₃ jointly form a5- to 7-membered, aliphatic or aromatic, cyclic or heterocyclic moiety;

each of R₄ and R₅ is independently selected from H, halogen, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, CN, OH, amino, substituted carboxylic amide,substituted sulfonamide, or R₄ and R₅ jointly form a 6- to 15-memberedaliphatic cyclic or heterocyclic moiety,

or a pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof.

In another aspect, the invention generally relates to a pharmaceuticalcomposition comprising an amount of a compound having the structuralformula of (I):

wherein,

X is NH(CH₂)_(n), O or S, wherein n is 0 or 1;

A is a 5- to 7-membered, aliphatic or aromatic, cyclic or heterocyclicmoiety;

B is a 5- to 7-membered, aliphatic or aromatic, cyclic or heterocyclicmoiety;

R_(1′) may be absent and each of R₁ and R_(1′) (if present) isindependently selected from halogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, CN, OH,amino, carboxylic amide, sulfonamide and R_(1x), wherein R_(1x) isselected from:

optionally with at least one of R₁ and R_(1′) a group comprising anelectrophilic moiety, optionally with R₁ and R_(1′) jointly form a 4- to6-membered aliphatic or aromatic cyclic or heterocyclic moiety;

each of R₂ and R₃ is independently selected from the group consistingof: H, halogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, or R₂ and R₃ jointly form a5- to 7-membered, aliphatic or aromatic, cyclic or heterocyclic moiety;

each of R₄ and R₅ is independently selected from H, halogen, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, CN, OH, amino, substituted carboxylic amide,substituted sulfonamide, or R₄ and R₅ jointly form a 6- to 15-memberedaliphatic cyclic or heterocyclic moiety,

or a pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof, effective to treat,prevent, or reduce one or more diseases or disorders, in a mammal,including a human, and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, carrier,or diluent.

In yet another aspect, the invention generally relates to a unit dosageform comprising a pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein.

In yet another aspect, the invention generally relates to a method fortreating, reducing, or preventing a disease or disorder, comprisingadministering to a subject in need thereof a pharmaceutical compositioncomprising a compound having the structural formula of (I):

wherein,

X is NH(CH₂)_(n), O or S, wherein n is 0 or 1;

A is a 5- to 7-membered, aliphatic or aromatic, cyclic or heterocyclicmoiety;

B is a 5- to 7-membered, aliphatic or aromatic, cyclic or heterocyclicmoiety;

R_(1′) may be absent and each of R₁ and R_(1′) (if present) isindependently selected from halogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, CN, OH,amino, carboxylic amide, sulfonamide and R_(1x), wherein R_(1x) isselected from:

optionally with at least one of R₁ and R_(1′) a group comprising anelectrophilic moiety, optionally with R₁ and R_(1′) jointly form a 4- to6-membered aliphatic or aromatic cyclic or heterocyclic moiety;

each of R₂ and R₃ is independently selected from the group consistingof: H, halogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, or R₂ and R₃ jointly form a5- to 7-membered, aliphatic or aromatic, cyclic or heterocyclic moiety;

each of R₄ and R₅ is independently selected from H, halogen, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, CN, OH, amino, substituted carboxylic amide,substituted sulfonamide, or R₄ and R₅ jointly form a 6- to 15-memberedaliphatic cyclic or heterocyclic moiety,

or a pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof, effective to treat,prevent, or reduce one or more of cancer, inflammatory disease,fibrosis, autoimmune disease, diabetes, or immunologically mediateddisease, or a related disease or disorder thereof, in a mammal,including a human, and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, carrier,or diluent.

In yet another aspect, the invention generally relates to a method fortreating, reducing, or preventing a disease or disorder. The methodincludes administering to a subject in need thereof a pharmaceuticalcomposition disclosed herein, wherein the disease or disorder isselected from the group consisting of cancer, inflammatory disease,fibrosis, autoimmune disease, or immunologically mediated disease, or arelated disease or disorder.

In yet another aspect, the invention generally relates to a method fortreating, reducing, or preventing a disease or disorder. The methodincludes administering to a subject in need thereof a pharmaceuticalcomposition comprising a compound having inhibitory activity to Bruton'styrosine kinase (BTK) and/or focal adhesion kinase (FAK). In certainembodiments of the method, the compound has the structural formula of(I):

wherein,

X is NH(CH₂)_(n), O or S, wherein n is 0 or 1;

A is a 5- to 7-membered, aliphatic or aromatic, cyclic or heterocyclicmoiety;

B is a 5- to 7-membered, aliphatic or aromatic, cyclic or heterocyclicmoiety;

R_(1′) may be absent and each of R₁ and R_(1′) (if present) isindependently selected from halogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, CN, OH,amino, carboxylic amide, sulfonamide and R_(1x), wherein R_(1x) isselected from:

optionally with at least one of R₁ and R_(1′) a group comprising anelectrophilic moiety, optionally with R₁ and R_(1′) jointly form a 4- to6-membered aliphatic or aromatic cyclic or heterocyclic moiety;

each of R₂ and R₃ is independently selected from the group consistingof: H, halogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, or R₂ and R₃ jointly form a5- to 7-membered, aliphatic or aromatic, cyclic or heterocyclic moiety;

each of R₄ and R₅ is independently selected from H, halogen, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, CN, OH, amino, substituted carboxylic amide,substituted sulfonamide, or R₄ and R₅ jointly form a 6- to 15-memberedaliphatic cyclic or heterocyclic moiety,

or a pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof.

In yet another aspect, the invention generally relates to a method fortreating, reducing, or preventing a disease or disorder, comprisingadministering to a subject in need thereof a pharmaceutical compositioncomprising a compound having the structural formula of:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof, effective to treat,prevent, or reduce one or more of cancer, inflammatory disease,fibrosis, autoimmune disease, diabetes, or immunologically mediateddisease, or a related disease or disorder thereof, in a mammal,including a human, and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, carrier,or diluent.

In yet another aspect, the invention generally relates to a method fortreating, reducing, or preventing a disease or disorder, comprisingadministering to a subject in need thereof a pharmaceutical compositioncomprising a compound having the structural formula of:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof, effective to treat,prevent, or reduce one or more of cancer, inflammatory disease,fibrosis, autoimmune disease, diabetes, or immunologically mediateddisease, or a related disease or disorder thereof, in a mammal,including a human, and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, carrier,or diluent.

In yet another aspect, the invention generally relates to a method fortreating, reducing, or preventing a disease or disorder, comprisingadministering to a subject in need thereof a pharmaceutical compositioncomprising a compound having the structural formula of:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof, effective to treat,prevent, or reduce one or more of cancer, inflammatory disease,fibrosis, autoimmune disease, diabetes, or immunologically mediateddisease, or a related disease or disorder thereof, in a mammal,including a human, and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, carrier,or diluent.

In yet another aspect, the invention generally relates to a method fortreating, reducing, or preventing a disease or disorder, comprisingadministering to a subject in need thereof a pharmaceutical compositioncomprising a compound having the structural formula of:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof, effective to treat,prevent, or reduce one or more of cancer, inflammatory disease,fibrosis, autoimmune disease, diabetes, or immunologically mediateddisease, or a related disease or disorder thereof, in a mammal,including a human, and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, carrier,or diluent.

In yet another aspect, the invention generally relates to a method fortreating, reducing, or preventing a disease or disorder, comprisingadministering to a subject in need thereof a pharmaceutical compositioncomprising a compound having the structural formula of:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof, effective to treat,prevent, or reduce one or more of cancer, inflammatory disease,fibrosis, autoimmune disease, diabetes, or immunologically mediateddisease, or a related disease or disorder thereof, in a mammal,including a human, and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, carrier,or diluent.

In yet another aspect, the invention generally relates to a method fortreating, reducing, or preventing a disease or disorder, comprisingadministering to a subject in need thereof a pharmaceutical compositioncomprising a compound having the structural formula of:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof, effective to treat,prevent, or reduce one or more of cancer, inflammatory disease,fibrosis, autoimmune disease, diabetes, or immunologically mediateddisease, or a related disease or disorder thereof, in a mammal,including a human, and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, carrier,or diluent.

In yet another aspect, the invention generally relates to a method fortreating, reducing, or preventing a disease or disorder, comprisingadministering to a subject in need thereof a pharmaceutical compositioncomprising a compound having the structural formula of:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof, effective to treat,prevent, or reduce one or more of cancer, inflammatory disease,fibrosis, autoimmune disease, diabetes, or immunologically mediateddisease, or a related disease or disorder thereof, in a mammal,including a human, and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, carrier,or diluent.

In yet another aspect, the invention generally relates to a method fortreating, reducing, or preventing a disease or disorder, comprisingadministering to a subject in need thereof a pharmaceutical compositioncomprising a compound having the structural formula of:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof, effective to treat,prevent, or reduce one or more of cancer, inflammatory disease,fibrosis, autoimmune disease, diabetes, or immunologically mediateddisease, or a related disease or disorder thereof, in a mammal,including a human, and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, carrier,or diluent.

In yet another aspect, the invention generally relates to a method fortreating, reducing, or preventing a disease or disorder, comprisingadministering to a subject in need thereof a pharmaceutical compositioncomprising a compound having the structural formula of:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof, effective to treat,prevent, or reduce one or more of cancer, inflammatory disease,fibrosis, autoimmune disease, diabetes, or immunologically mediateddisease, or a related disease or disorder thereof, in a mammal,including a human, and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, carrier,or diluent.

In yet another aspect, the invention generally relates to a method fortreating, reducing, or preventing a disease or disorder, comprisingadministering to a subject in need thereof a pharmaceutical compositioncomprising a compound having the structural formula of:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof, effective to treat,prevent, or reduce one or more of cancer, inflammatory disease,fibrosis, autoimmune disease, diabetes, or immunologically mediateddisease, or a related disease or disorder thereof, in a mammal,including a human, and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, carrier,or diluent.

In yet another aspect, the invention generally relates to a method fortreating, reducing, or preventing a disease or disorder, comprisingadministering to a subject in need thereof a pharmaceutical compositioncomprising a compound having the structural formula of:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof, effective to treat,prevent, or reduce one or more of cancer, inflammatory disease,fibrosis, autoimmune disease, diabetes, or immunologically mediateddisease, or a related disease or disorder thereof, in a mammal,including a human, and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, carrier,or diluent.

In yet another aspect, the invention generally relates to use of acompound disclosed herein and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient,carrier, or diluent, in preparation of a medicament for treating adisease or disorder.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The above and other objects and features of the present invention willbecome apparent from the following description of the invention, whentaken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, which respectivelyshow:

FIG. 1 shows exemplary Western blotting analysis of p-BTK(Y223) in Ramoscells.

FIG. 2 shows exemplary BTK IC₅₀ Data.

FIG. 3 shows exemplary BTK(C481S) IC₅₀ Data.

FIG. 4 shows exemplary BMX IC₅₀ Data.

FIG. 5 shows exemplary ITK IC₅₀ Data.

FIG. 6 shows exemplary FAK IC₅₀ Data.

FIG. 7 shows exemplary ERK IC₅₀ Data.

DEFINITIONS

Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used hereinhave the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill inthe art to which this invention belongs. General principles of organicchemistry, as well as specific functional moieties and reactivity, aredescribed in “Organic Chemistry”, Thomas Sorrell, University ScienceBooks, Sausalito: 2006.

Certain compounds of the present invention may exist in particulargeometric or stereoisomeric forms. The present invention contemplatesall such compounds, including cis- and trans-isomers, R- andS-enantiomers, diastereomers, (D)-isomers, (L)-isomers, the racemicmixtures thereof, and other mixtures thereof, as falling within thescope of the invention. Additional asymmetric carbon atoms may bepresent in a substituent such as an alkyl group. All such isomers, aswell as mixtures thereof, are intended to be included in this invention.

Isomeric mixtures containing any of a variety of isomer ratios may beutilized in accordance with the present invention. For example, whereonly two isomers are combined, mixtures containing 50:50, 60:40, 70:30,80:20, 90:10, 95:5, 96:4, 97:3, 98:2, 99:1, or 100:0 isomer ratios arecontemplated by the present invention. Those of ordinary skill in theart will readily appreciate that analogous ratios are contemplated formore complex isomer mixtures.

If, for instance, a particular enantiomer of a compound of the presentinvention is desired, it may be prepared by asymmetric synthesis, or byderivation with a chiral auxiliary, where the resulting diastereomericmixture is separated and the auxiliary group cleaved to provide the puredesired enantiomers. Alternatively, where the molecule contains a basicfunctional group, such as amino, or an acidic functional group, such ascarboxyl, diastereomeric salts are formed with an appropriateoptically-active acid or base, followed by resolution of thediastereomers thus formed by fractional crystallization orchromatographic methods well known in the art, and subsequent recoveryof the pure enantiomers.

Solvates and polymorphs of the compounds of the invention are alsocontemplated herein. Solvates of the compounds of the present inventioninclude, for example, hydrates.

Definitions of specific functional groups and chemical terms aredescribed in more detail below. When a range of values is listed, it isintended to encompass each value and sub-range within the range. Forexample “C₁₋₆ alkyl” is intended to encompass, C₁, C₂, C₃, C₄, C₅, C₆,C₁₋₆, C₁₋₅, C₁₋₄, C₁₋₃, C₁₋₂, C₂₋₆, C₂₋₅, C₂₋₄, C₂₋₃, C₃₋₆, C₃₋₅, C₃₋₄,C₄₋₆, C₄₋₅, and C₅₋₆ alkyl.

As used herein, the term “alkyl” refers to a straight or branchedhydrocarbon chain radical consisting solely of carbon and hydrogenatoms, containing no unsaturation, having from one to ten carbon atoms(e.g., C₁₋₁₀ alkyl). Whenever it appears herein, a numerical range suchas “1 to 10” refers to each integer in the given range; e.g., “1 to 10carbon atoms” means that the alkyl group can consist of 1 carbon atom, 2carbon atoms, 3 carbon atoms, etc., up to and including 10 carbon atoms,although the present definition also covers the occurrence of the term“alkyl” where no numerical range is designated. In some embodiments,“alkyl” can be a C₁₋₆ alkyl group. In some embodiments, alkyl groupshave 1 to 10, 1 to 8, 1 to 6, or 1 to 3 carbon atoms. Representativesaturated straight chain alkyls include, but are not limited to,-methyl, -ethyl, -n-propyl, -n-butyl, -n-pentyl, and -n-hexyl; whilesaturated branched alkyls include, but are not limited to, -isopropyl,-sec-butyl, -isobutyl, -tert-butyl, -isopentyl, 2-methylbutyl,3-methylbutyl, 2-methylpentyl, 3-methylpentyl, 4-methylpentyl,2-methylhexyl, 3-methylhexyl, 4-methylhexyl, 5-methylhexyl,2,3-dimethylbutyl, and the like. The alkyl is attached to the parentmolecule by a single bond. Unless stated otherwise in the specification,an alkyl group is optionally substituted by one or more of substituentswhich independently include: acyl, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy,alkylaryl, cycloalkyl, aralkyl, aryl, aryloxy, amino, amido, amidino,imino, azide, carbonate, carbamate, carbonyl, heteroalkyl, heteroaryl,heteroarylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, hydroxy, cyano, halo (F, Cl, Br, I),haloalkoxy, haloalkyl, ester, ether, mercapto, thio, alkylthio,arylthio, thiocarbonyl, nitro, oxo, phosphate, phosphonate, phosphinate,silyl, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, sulfonamidyl, sulfoxyl, sulfonate, urea,—Si(R^(a))₃—OR^(a), —SR^(a), —OC(O)—R^(a), —N(R^(a))₂, —C(O)R_(a),—C(O)OR^(a), —OC(O)N(R^(a))₂, —C(O)N(R^(a))₂, —N(R^(a))C(O)OR^(a),—N(R^(a))C(O)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(O)N(R^(a))₂, —N(R^(a))C(NR^(a))N(R^(a))₂,—N(R^(a))S(O)_(t)N(R^(a))₂ (where t is 1 or 2), —P(═O)(R^(a))(R^(a)), or—O—P(═O)(OR^(a))₂ where each R^(a) is independently hydrogen, alkyl,haloalkyl, carbocyclyl, carbocyclylalkyl, aryl, aralkyl,heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, heteroaryl or heteroarylalkyl,and each of these moieties can be optionally substituted as definedherein. In a non-limiting embodiment, a substituted alkyl can beselected from fluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl,2-fluoroethyl, 3-fluoropropyl, hydroxymethyl, 2-hydroxyethyl,3-hydroxypropyl, benzyl, and phenethyl.

As used herein, the term “alkoxy” refers to the group —O-alkyl,including from 1 to 10 carbon atoms (C₁₋₁₀) of a straight, branched,saturated cyclic configuration and combinations thereof, attached to theparent molecular structure through an oxygen. Examples include methoxy,ethoxy, propoxy, isopropoxy, butoxy, t-butoxy, pentoxy, cyclopropyloxy,cyclohexyloxy and the like. “Lower alkoxy” refers to alkoxy groupscontaining one to six carbons. In some embodiments, C₁₋₃ alkoxy is analkoxy group that encompasses both straight and branched chain alkyls offrom 1 to 3 carbon atoms. Unless stated otherwise in the specification,an alkoxy group can be optionally substituted by one or moresubstituents which independently include: acyl, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl,alkoxy, alkylaryl, cycloalkyl, aralkyl, aryl, aryloxy, amino, amido,amidino, imino, azide, carbonate, carbamate, carbonyl, heteroalkyl,heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, hydroxy, cyano, halo,haloalkoxy, haloalkyl, ester, ether, mercapto, thio, alkylthio,arylthio, thiocarbonyl, nitro, oxo, phosphate, phosphonate, phosphinate,silyl, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, sulfonamidyl, sulfoxyl, sulfonate, urea,—Si(R^(a))₃, —OR^(a), —SR^(a), —OC(O)—R^(a), —N(R^(a))₂, —C(O)R^(a),—C(O)OR^(a), —OC(O)N(R^(a))₂, —C(O)N(R^(a))₂, —N(R^(a))C(O)OR^(a),—N(R^(a))C(O)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(O)N(R^(a))₂, —N(R^(a))C(NR^(a))N(R^(a))₂,—N(R^(a))S(O)_(t)N(R^(a))₂ (where t is 1 or 2), —P(═O)(R^(a))(R^(a)), or—O—P(═O)(OR^(a))₂ where each R^(a) is independently hydrogen, alkyl,haloalkyl, carbocyclyl, carbocyclylalkyl, aryl, aralkyl,heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, heteroaryl or heteroarylalkyl,and each of these moieties can be optionally substituted as definedherein.

As used herein, the terms “aromatic” or “aryl” refer to a radical with 6to 14 ring atoms (e.g., C₆₋₁₄ aromatic or C₆₋₁₄ aryl) that has at leastone ring having a conjugated pi electron system which is carbocyclic(e.g., phenyl, fluorenyl, and naphthyl). In some embodiments, the arylis a C₆₋₁₀ aryl group. For example, bivalent radicals formed fromsubstituted benzene derivatives and having the free valences at ringatoms are named as substituted phenylene radicals. In other embodiments,bivalent radicals derived from univalent polycyclic hydrocarbon radicalswhose names end in “-yl” by removal of one hydrogen atom from the carbonatom with the free valence are named by adding “-idene” to the name ofthe corresponding univalent radical, e.g., a naphthyl group with twopoints of attachment is termed naphthylidene. Whenever it appearsherein, a numerical range such as “6 to 14 aryl” refers to each integerin the given range; e.g., “6 to 14 ring atoms” means that the aryl groupcan consist of 6 ring atoms, 7 ring atoms, etc., up to and including 14ring atoms. The term includes monocyclic or fused-ring polycyclic (i.e.,rings which share adjacent pairs of ring atoms) groups. Polycyclic arylgroups include bicycles, tricycles, tetracycles, and the like. In amulti-ring group, only one ring is required to be aromatic, so groupssuch as indanyl are encompassed by the aryl definition. Non-limitingexamples of aryl groups include phenyl, phenalenyl, naphthalenyl,tetrahydronaphthyl, phenanthrenyl, anthracenyl, fluorenyl, indolyl,indanyl, and the like. Unless stated otherwise in the specification, anaryl moiety can be optionally substituted by one or more substituentswhich independently include: acyl, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy,alkylaryl, cycloalkyl, aralkyl, aryl, aryloxy, amino, amido, amidino,imino, azide, carbonate, carbamate, carbonyl, heteroalkyl, heteroaryl,heteroarylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, hydroxy, cyano, halo, haloalkoxy,haloalkyl, ester, ether, mercapto, thio, alkylthio, arylthio,thiocarbonyl, nitro, oxo, phosphate, phosphonate, phosphinate, silyl,sulfinyl, sulfonyl, sulfonamidyl, sulfoxyl, sulfonate, urea,—Si(R^(a))₃—OR^(a), —SR^(a), —OC(O)—R^(a), —N(R^(a))₂, —C(O)R_(a),—C(O)OR^(a), —OC(O)N(R^(a))₂, —C(O)N(R^(a))₂, —N(R^(a))C(O)OR^(a),—N(R^(a))C(O)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(O)N(R^(a))₂, —N(R^(a))C(NR^(a))N(R^(a))₂,—N(R^(a))S(O)_(t)N(R^(a))₂ (where t is 1 or 2), —P(═O)(R^(a))(R^(a)), or—O—P(═O)(OR^(a))₂ where each R^(a) is independently hydrogen, alkyl,haloalkyl, carbocyclyl, carbocyclylalkyl, aryl, aralkyl,heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, heteroaryl or heteroarylalkyl,and each of these moieties can be optionally substituted as definedherein.

As used herein, the terms “cycloalkyl” and “carbocyclyl” each refers toa monocyclic or polycyclic radical that contains only carbon andhydrogen, and can be saturated or partially unsaturated. Partiallyunsaturated cycloalkyl groups can be termed “cycloalkenyl” if thecarbocycle contains at least one double bond, or “cycloalkynyl” if thecarbocycle contains at least one triple bond. Cycloalkyl groups includegroups having from 3 to 13 ring atoms (i.e., C₃₋₁₃ cycloalkyl). Wheneverit appears herein, a numerical range such as “3 to 10” refers to eachinteger in the given range; e.g., “3 to 13 carbon atoms” means that thecycloalkyl group can consist of 3 carbon atoms, 4 carbon atoms, 5 carbonatoms, etc., up to and including 13 carbon atoms. The term “cycloalkyl”also includes bridged and spiro-fused cyclic structures containing noheteroatoms. The term also includes monocyclic or fused-ring polycyclic(i.e., rings which share adjacent pairs of ring atoms) groups.Polycyclic aryl groups include bicycles, tricycles, tetracycles, and thelike. In some embodiments, “cycloalkyl” can be a C₃₋₈ cycloalkylradical. In some embodiments, “cycloalkyl” can be a C₃₋₅ cycloalkylradical. Illustrative examples of cycloalkyl groups include, but are notlimited to the following moieties: C₃₋₆ carbocyclyl groups include,without limitation, cyclopropyl (C₃), cyclobutyl (C₄), cyclopentyl (C₅),cyclopentenyl (C₅), cyclohexyl (C₆), cyclohexenyl (C₆), cyclohexadienyl(C₆) and the like. Examples of C₃₋₇ carbocyclyl groups include norbornyl(C₇). Examples of C₃₋₈ carbocyclyl groups include the aforementionedC₃₋₇ carbocyclyl groups as well as cycloheptyl (C₇), cycloheptadienyl(C₇), cycloheptatrienyl (C₇), cyclooctyl (C₈), bicyclo[2.2.1]heptanyl,bicyclo[2.2.2]octanyl, and the like. Examples of C₃₋₁₃ carbocyclylgroups include the aforementioned C₃₋₈ carbocyclyl groups as well asoctahydro-1H indenyl, decahydronaphthalenyl, spiro[4.5]decanyl and thelike. Unless stated otherwise in the specification, a cycloalkyl groupcan be optionally substituted by one or more substituents whichindependently include: acyl, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, alkylaryl,cycloalkyl, aralkyl, aryl, aryloxy, amino, amido, amidino, imino, azide,carbonate, carbamate, carbonyl, heteroalkyl, heteroaryl,heteroarylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, hydroxy, cyano, halo, haloalkoxy,haloalkyl, ester, ether, mercapto, thio, alkylthio, arylthio,thiocarbonyl, nitro, oxo, phosphate, phosphonate, phosphinate, silyl,sulfinyl, sulfonyl, sulfonamidyl, sulfoxyl, sulfonate, urea,—Si(R^(a))₃, —OR^(a), —SR^(a), —OC(O)—R^(a), —N(R^(a))₂, —C(O)R^(a),—C(O)OR^(a), —OC(O)N(R^(a))₂, —C(O)N(R^(a))₂, —N(R^(a))C(O)OR^(a),—N(R^(a))C(O)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(O)N(R^(a))₂, —N(R^(a))C(NR^(a))N(R^(a))₂,—N(R^(a))S(O)_(t)N(R^(a))₂ (where t is 1 or 2), —P(═O)(R^(a))(R^(a)), or—O—P(═O)(OR^(a))₂ where each R^(a) is independently hydrogen, alkyl,haloalkyl, carbocyclyl, carbocyclylalkyl, aryl, aralkyl,heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, heteroaryl or heteroarylalkyl,and each of these moieties can be optionally substituted as definedherein. The terms “cycloalkenyl” and “cycloalkynyl” mirror the abovedescription of “cycloalkyl” wherein the prefix “alk” is replaced with“alken” or “alkyn” respectively, and the parent “alkenyl” or “alkynyl”terms are as described herein. For example, a cycloalkenyl group canhave 3 to 13 ring atoms, such as 5 to 8 ring atoms. In some embodiments,a cycloalkynyl group can have 5 to 13 ring atoms.

As used herein, the term “halogen” refers to fluorine (F), chlorine(Cl), bromine (Br), or iodine (I). As used herein, the term “halide” or“halo”, means fluoro, chloro, bromo or iodo. The terms “haloalkyl,”“haloalkenyl,” “haloalkynyl” and “haloalkoxy” include alkyl, alkenyl,alkynyl and alkoxy structures that are substituted with one or more halogroups or with combinations thereof. For example, the terms“fluoroalkyl” and “fluoroalkoxy” include haloalkyl and haloalkoxygroups, respectively, in which the halo is fluorine, such as, but notlimited to, trifluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl,1-fluoromethyl-2-fluoroethyl, and the like. Each of the alkyl, alkenyl,alkynyl and alkoxy groups are as defined herein and can be optionallyfurther substituted as defined herein.

As used herein, the term “heteroalkyl” refers to an alkyl radical, whichhave one or more skeletal chain atoms selected from an atom other thancarbon, e.g., oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus or combinationsthereof. A numerical range can be given, e.g., C₁₋₄ heteroalkyl, whichrefers to the chain length in total, which in this example is 4 atomslong. For example, a —CH₂OCH₂CH₃ radical is referred to as a “C₄”heteroalkyl, which includes the heteroatom center in the atom chainlength description. Connection to the parent molecular structure can bethrough either a heteroatom or a carbon in the heteroalkyl chain. Forexample, an N-containing heteroalkyl moiety refers to a group in whichat least one of the skeletal atoms is a nitrogen atom. One or moreheteroatom(s) in the heteroalkyl radical can be optionally oxidized. Oneor more nitrogen atoms, if present, can also be optionally quaternized.For example, heteroalkyl also includes skeletal chains substituted withone or more nitrogen oxide (—O—) substituents. Exemplary heteroalkylgroups include, without limitation, ethers such as methoxyethanyl(—CH₂CH₂OCH₃), ethoxymethanyl (—CH₂OCH₂CH₃), (methoxymethoxy)ethanyl(—CH₂CH₂OCH₂OCH₃), (methoxymethoxy) methanyl (—CH₂OCH₂OCH₃) and(methoxyethoxy)methanyl (—CH₂OCH₂CH₂OCH₃) and the like; amines such as(—CH₂CH₂NHCH₃, —CH₂CH₂N(CH₃)₂, —CH₂NHCH₂CH₃, —CH₂N(CH₂CH₃)(CH₃)) and thelike.

As used herein, the term “heteroaryl” or, alternatively,“heteroaromatic” refers to a refers to a radical of a 5-18 memberedmonocyclic or polycyclic (e.g., bicyclic, tricyclic, tetracyclic and thelike) aromatic ring system (e.g., having 6, 10 or 14π electrons sharedin a cyclic array) having ring carbon atoms and 1-6 ring heteroatomsprovided in the aromatic ring system, wherein each heteroatom isindependently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorous and sulfur(“5-18 membered heteroaryl”). Heteroaryl polycyclic ring systems caninclude one or more heteroatoms in one or both rings. Whenever itappears herein, a numerical range such as “5 to 18” refers to eachinteger in the given range; e.g., “5 to 18 ring atoms” means that theheteroaryl group can consist of 5 ring atoms, 6 ring atoms, etc., up toand including 18 ring atoms. In some instances, a heteroaryl can have 5to 14 ring atoms. In some embodiments, the heteroaryl has, for example,bivalent radicals derived from univalent heteroaryl radicals whose namesend in “-yl” by removal of one hydrogen atom from the atom with the freevalence are named by adding “-ene” to the name of the correspondingunivalent radical, e.g., a pyridyl group with two points of attachmentis a pyridylene.

For example, an N-containing “heteroaromatic” or “heteroaryl” moietyrefers to an aromatic group in which at least one of the skeletal atomsof the ring is a nitrogen atom. One or more heteroatom(s) in theheteroaryl radical can be optionally oxidized. One or more nitrogenatoms, if present, can also be optionally quaternized. Heteroaryl alsoincludes ring systems substituted with one or more nitrogen oxide (—O—)substituents, such as pyridinyl N-oxides. The heteroaryl is attached tothe parent molecular structure through any atom of the ring(s).

“Heteroaryl” also includes ring systems wherein the heteroaryl ring, asdefined above, is fused with one or more aryl groups wherein the pointof attachment to the parent molecular structure is either on the aryl oron the heteroaryl ring, or wherein the heteroaryl ring, as definedabove, is fused with one or more cycloalkyl or heterocycyl groupswherein the point of attachment to the parent molecular structure is onthe heteroaryl ring. For polycyclic heteroaryl groups wherein one ringdoes not contain a heteroatom (e.g., indolyl, quinolinyl, carbazolyl andthe like), the point of attachment to the parent molecular structure canbe on either ring, i.e., either the ring bearing a heteroatom (e.g.,2-indolyl) or the ring that does not contain a heteroatom (e.g.,5-indolyl). In some embodiments, a heteroaryl group is a 5-10 memberedaromatic ring system having ring carbon atoms and 1-4 ring heteroatomsprovided in the aromatic ring system, wherein each heteroatom isindependently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorous, and sulfur(“5-10 membered heteroaryl”). In some embodiments, a heteroaryl group isa 5-8 membered aromatic ring system having ring carbon atoms and 1-4ring heteroatoms provided in the aromatic ring system, wherein eachheteroatom is independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorous,and sulfur (“5-8 membered heteroaryl”). In some embodiments, aheteroaryl group is a 5-6 membered aromatic ring system having ringcarbon atoms and 1-4 ring heteroatoms provided in the aromatic ringsystem, wherein each heteroatom is independently selected from nitrogen,oxygen, phosphorous, and sulfur (“5-6 membered heteroaryl”). In someembodiments, the 5-6 membered heteroaryl has 1-3 ring heteroatomsselected from nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorous, and sulfur. In someembodiments, the 5-6 membered heteroaryl has 1-2 ring heteroatomsselected from nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorous, and sulfur. In someembodiments, the 5-6 membered heteroaryl has 1 ring heteroatom selectedfrom nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorous, and sulfur.

Examples of heteroaryls include, but are not limited to, azepinyl,acridinyl, benzimidazolyl, benzindolyl, 1,3-benzodioxolyl, benzofuranyl,benzooxazolyl, benzo[d]thiazolyl, benzothiadiazolyl,benzo[b][1,4]dioxepinyl, benzo[b][1,4] oxazinyl, 1,4-benzodioxanyl,benzonaphthofuranyl, benzoxazolyl, benzodioxolyl, benzodioxinyl,benzoxazolyl, benzopyranyl, benzopyranonyl, benzofuranyl,benzopyranonyl, benzofurazanyl, benzothiazolyl, benzothienyl(benzothiophenyl), benzothieno[3,2-d]pyrimidinyl, benzotriazolyl,benzo[4,6]imidazo[1,2-a]pyridinyl, carbazolyl, cinnolinyl,cyclopenta[d]pyrimidinyl, 6,7-dihydro-5H-cyclopenta[4,5]thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidinyl, 5,6-dihydrobenzo[h]quinazolinyl,5,6-dihydrobenzo[h]cinnolinyl, 6,7-dihydro-5Hbenzo[6,7]cyclohepta[1,2-c]pyridazinyl, dibenzofuranyl,dibenzothiophenyl, furanyl, furazanyl, furanonyl, furo [3,2-c]pyridinyl,5,6,7,8,9,10-hexahydrocycloocta[d] pyrimidinyl,5,6,7,8,9,10-hexahydrocycloocta[d]pyridazinyl,5,6,7,8,9,10-hexahydrocycloocta[d]pyridinyl, isothiazolyl, imidazolyl,indazolyl, indolyl, indazolyl, isoindolyl, indolinyl, isoindolinyl,isoquinolyl, indolizinyl, isoxazolyl,5,8-methano-5,6,7,8-tetrahydroquinazolinyl, naphthyridinyl,1,6-naphthyridinonyl, oxadiazolyl, 2-oxoazepinyl, oxazolyl, oxiranyl,5,6,6a,7,8,9,10,10a-octahydrobenzo[h]quinazolinyl, 1-phenyl-1H-pyrrolyl,phenazinyl, phenothiazinyl, phenoxazinyl, phthalazinyl, pteridinyl,purinyl, pyranyl, pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidinyl,pyridinyl, pyrido[3,2-d]pyrimidinyl, pyrido[3,4-d]pyrimidinyl,pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrrolyl, quinazolinyl,quinoxalinyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, tetrahydroquinolinyl,5,6,7,8-tetrahydroquinazolinyl, 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobenzo [4,5] thieno[2,3-d]pyrimdinyl, 6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-5H-cyclohepta[4,5]thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidinyl, 5,6,7,8-tetrahydropyrido[4,5-c]pyridazinyl,thiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, thiapyranyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, triazinyl,thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidinyl, thieno[3,2-d]pyrimidinyl, thieno[2,3-c]pridinyl, and thiophenyl (i.e., thienyl). Unless stated otherwisein the specification, a heteroaryl moiety can be optionally substitutedby one or more substituents which independently include: acyl, alkyl,alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, alkylaryl, cycloalkyl, aralkyl, aryl, aryloxy,amino, amido, amidino, imino, azide, carbonate, carbamate, carbonyl,heteroalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, hydroxy,cyano, halo, haloalkoxy, haloalkyl, ester, ether, mercapto, thio,alkylthio, arylthio, thiocarbonyl, nitro, oxo, phosphate, phosphonate,phosphinate, silyl, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, sulfonamidyl, sulfoxyl,sulfonate, urea, —Si(R^(a))₃, —OR^(a), —SR^(a), —OC(O)—R^(a),—N(R^(a))₂, —C(O)R_(a), —C(O)OR^(a), —OC(O)N(R^(a))₂, —C(O)N(R^(a))₂,—N(R^(a))C(O)OR^(a), —N(R^(a))C(O)R^(a), —N(R^(a))C(O)N(R^(a))₂,—N(R^(a))C(NR^(a))N(R^(a))₂, —N(R^(a))S(O)_(t)N(R^(a))₂ (where t is 1 or2), —P(═O)(R^(a))(R^(a)), or —O—P(═O)(OR^(a))₂ where each R^(a) isindependently hydrogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, carbocyclyl, carbocyclylalkyl,aryl, aralkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, heteroaryl orheteroarylalkyl, and each of these moieties can be optionallysubstituted as defined herein.

As used herein, the term “effective amount” of an active agent refers toan amount sufficient to elicit the desired biological response. As willbe appreciated by those of ordinary skill in this art, the effectiveamount of a compound of the invention may vary depending on such factorsas the desired biological endpoint, the pharmacokinetics of thecompound, the disease being treated, the mode of administration, and thepatient.

As used herein, the terms “treatment” or “treating” a disease ordisorder refers to a method of reducing, delaying or ameliorating such acondition before or after it has occurred. Treatment may be directed atone or more effects or symptoms of a disease and/or the underlyingpathology. The treatment can be any reduction and can be, but is notlimited to, the complete ablation of the disease or the symptoms of thedisease. As compared with an equivalent untreated control, suchreduction or degree of prevention is at least 5%, 10%, 20%, 40%, 50%,60%, 80%, 90%, 95%, or 100% as measured by any standard technique.

As used herein, the terms “prevent”, “preventing”, or “prevention” referto a method for precluding, delaying, averting, or stopping the onset,incidence, severity, or recurrence of a disease or condition. Forexample, a method is considered to be a prevention if there is areduction or delay in onset, incidence, severity, or recurrence of adisease or condition or one or more symptoms thereof in a subjectsusceptible to the disease or condition as compared to a subject notreceiving the method. The disclosed method is also considered to be aprevention if there is a reduction or delay in onset, incidence,severity, or recurrence of osteoporosis or one or more symptoms of adisease or condition in a subject susceptible to the disease orcondition after receiving the method as compared to the subject'sprogression prior to receiving treatment. Thus, the reduction or delayin onset, incidence, severity, or recurrence of osteoporosis can beabout a 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100%, or any amount ofreduction in between.

As used herein, a “pharmaceutically acceptable form” of a disclosedcompound includes, but is not limited to, pharmaceutically acceptablesalts, esters, hydrates, solvates, isomers, prodrugs, and isotopicallylabeled derivatives thereof. In one embodiment, a “pharmaceuticallyacceptable form” includes, but is not limited to, pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts, esters, prodrugs and isotopically labeled derivativesthereof. In some embodiments, a “pharmaceutically acceptable form”includes, but is not limited to, pharmaceutically acceptable isomers andstereoisomers, prodrugs and isotopically labeled derivatives thereof.

In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutically acceptable form is apharmaceutically acceptable salt. As used herein, the term“pharmaceutically acceptable salt” refers to those salts which are,within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contactwith the tissues of subjects without undue toxicity, irritation,allergic response and the like, and are commensurate with a reasonablebenefit/risk ratio. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts are well known inthe art. For example, Berge et al. describes pharmaceutically acceptablesalts in detail in J. Pharmaceutical Sciences (1977) 66:1-19.Pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds provided hereininclude those derived from suitable inorganic and organic acids andbases. Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable, nontoxic acid additionsalts are salts of an amino group formed with inorganic acids such ashydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid andperchioric acid or with organic acids such as acetic acid, oxalic acid,maleic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, succinic acid or malonic acidor by using other methods used in the art such as ion exchange. Otherpharmaceutically acceptable salts include adipate, alginate, ascorbate,aspartate, benzenesulfonate, besylate, benzoate, bisulfate, borate,butyrate, camphorate, camphorsulfonate, citrate, cyclopentanepropionate,digluconate, dodecylsulfate, ethanesulfonate, formate, fumarate,glucoheptonate, glycerophosphate, gluconate, hemisulfate, heptanoate,hexanoate, hydroiodide, 2-hydroxy-ethanesulfonate, lactobionate,lactate, laurate, lauryl sulfate, malate, maleate, malonate,methanesulfonate, 2-naphthalenesulfonate, nicotinate, nitrate, oleate,oxalate, palmitate, pamoate, pectinate, persulfate, 3-phenylpropionate,phosphate, picrate, pivalate, propionate, stearate, succinate, sulfate,tartrate, thiocyanate, p-toluenesulfonate, undecanoate, valerate salts,and the like. In some embodiments, organic acids from which salts can bederived include, for example, acetic acid, propionic acid, glycolicacid, pyruvic acid, oxalic acid, lactic acid, trifluoracetic acid,maleic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, fumaric acid, tartaric acid,citric acid, benzoic acid, cinnamic acid, mandelic acid, methanesulfonicacid, ethanesulfonic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, salicylic acid, andthe like.

The salts can be prepared in situ during the isolation and purificationof the disclosed compounds, or separately, such as by reacting the freebase or free acid of a parent compound with a suitable base or acid,respectively. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts derived from appropriatebases include alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, ammonium andN⁺(C₁₋₄alkyl)₄ salts. Representative alkali or alkaline earth metalsalts include sodium, lithium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron,zinc, copper, manganese, aluminum, and the like. Furtherpharmaceutically acceptable salts include, when appropriate, nontoxicammonium, quaternary ammonium, and amine cations formed usingcounterions such as halide, hydroxide, carboxylate, sulfate, phosphate,nitrate, lower alkyl sulfonate and aryl sulfonate. Organic bases fromwhich salts can be derived include, for example, primary, secondary, andtertiary amines, substituted amines, including naturally occurringsubstituted amines, cyclic amines, basic ion exchange resins, and thelike, such as isopropylamine, trimethylamine, diethylamine,triethylamine, tripropylamine, and ethanolamine. In some embodiments,the pharmaceutically acceptable base addition salt can be chosen fromammonium, potassium, sodium, calcium, and magnesium salts.

In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutically acceptable form is a“solvate” (e.g., a hydrate). As used herein, the term “solvate” refersto compounds that further include a stoichiometric or non-stoichiometricamount of solvent bound by non-covalent intermolecular forces. Thesolvate can be of a disclosed compound or a pharmaceutically acceptablesalt thereof. Where the solvent is water, the solvate is a “hydrate”.Pharmaceutically acceptable solvates and hydrates are complexes that,for example, can include 1 to about 100, or 1 to about 10, or 1 to about2, about 3 or about 4, solvent or water molecules. It will be understoodthat the term “compound” as used herein encompasses the compound andsolvates of the compound, as well as mixtures thereof.

In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutically acceptable form is aprodrug. As used herein, the term “prodrug” (or “pro-drug”) refers tocompounds that are transformed in vivo to yield a disclosed compound ora pharmaceutically acceptable form of the compound. A prodrug can beinactive when administered to a subject, but is converted in vivo to anactive compound, for example, by hydrolysis (e.g., hydrolysis in blood).In certain cases, a prodrug has improved physical and/or deliveryproperties over the parent compound. Prodrugs can increase thebioavailability of the compound when administered to a subject (e.g., bypermitting enhanced absorption into the blood following oraladministration) or which enhance delivery to a biological compartment ofinterest (e.g., the brain or lymphatic system) relative to the parentcompound. Exemplary prodrugs include derivatives of a disclosed compoundwith enhanced aqueous solubility or active transport through the gutmembrane, relative to the parent compound.

The prodrug compound often offers advantages of solubility, tissuecompatibility or delayed release in a mammalian organism (see, e.g.,Bundgard, H., Design of Prodrugs (1985), pp. 7-9, 21-24 (Elsevier,Amsterdam). A discussion of prodrugs is provided in Higuchi, T., et al.,“Pro-drugs as Novel Delivery Systems,” A.C.S. Symposium Series, Vol. 14,and in Bioreversible Carriers in Drug Design, ed. Edward B. Roche,American Pharmaceutical Association and Pergamon Press, 1987, both ofwhich are incorporated in full by reference herein. Exemplary advantagesof a prodrug can include, but are not limited to, its physicalproperties, such as enhanced water solubility for parenteraladministration at physiological pH compared to the parent compound, orit can enhance absorption from the digestive tract, or it can enhancedrug stability for long-term storage.

As used herein, the term “pharmaceutically acceptable” excipient,carrier, or diluent refers to a pharmaceutically acceptable material,composition or vehicle, such as a liquid or solid filler, diluent,excipient, solvent or encapsulating material, involved in carrying ortransporting the subject pharmaceutical agent from one organ, or portionof the body, to another organ, or portion of the body. Each carrier mustbe “acceptable” in the sense of being compatible with the otheringredients of the formulation and not injurious to the patient. Someexamples of materials which can serve as pharmaceutically-acceptablecarriers include: sugars, such as lactose, glucose and sucrose;starches, such as corn starch and potato starch; cellulose, and itsderivatives, such as sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose andcellulose acetate; powdered tragacanth; malt; gelatin; talc; excipients,such as cocoa butter and suppository waxes; oils, such as peanut oil,cottonseed oil, safflower oil, sesame oil, olive oil, corn oil andsoybean oil; glycols, such as propylene glycol; polyols, such asglycerin, sorbitol, mannitol and polyethylene glycol; esters, such asethyl oleate and ethyl laurate; agar; buffering agents, such asmagnesium hydroxide and aluminum hydroxide; alginic acid; pyrogen-freewater; isotonic saline; Ringer's solution; ethyl alcohol; phosphatebuffer solutions; and other non-toxic compatible substances employed inpharmaceutical formulations. Wetting agents, emulsifiers and lubricants,such as sodium lauryl sulfate, magnesium stearate, and polyethyleneoxide-polypropylene oxide copolymer as well as coloring agents, releaseagents, coating agents, sweetening, flavoring and perfuming agents,preservatives and antioxidants can also be present in the compositions.

As used herein, the terms “isolated” or “purified” refer to a materialthat is substantially or essentially free from components that normallyaccompany it in its native state. Purity and homogeneity are typicallydetermined using analytical chemistry techniques such as polyacrylamidegel electrophoresis or high performance liquid chromatography.

As used herein, the term “subject” refers to any animal (e.g., amammal), including, but not limited to humans, non-human primates,rodents, and the like, which is to be the recipient of a particulartreatment. Typically, the terms “subject” and “patient” are usedinterchangeably herein in reference to a human subject.

As used herein, the term “low dosage” refers to at least 5% less (e.g.,at least 10%, 20%, 50%, 80%, 90%, or even 95%) than the lowest standardrecommended dosage of a particular compound formulated for a given routeof administration for treatment of any human disease or condition. Forexample, a low dosage of an agent that is formulated for administrationby inhalation will differ from a low dosage of the same agent formulatedfor oral administration.

As used herein, the term “high dosage” is meant at least 5% (e.g., atleast 10%, 20%, 50%, 100%, 200%, or even 300%) more than the higheststandard recommended dosage of a particular compound for treatment ofany human disease or condition.

As used herein, the term “prodrug” (or “pro-drug”) refers to apharmacological derivative of a parent drug molecule that requiresbiotransformation, either spontaneous or enzymatic, within the organismto release the active drug. Such prodrugs are pharmaceutically active invivo, when they undergo solvolysis under physiological conditions orundergo enzymatic degradation. Prodrug compounds herein may be calledsingle, double, triple, etc., depending on the number ofbiotransformation steps required to release the active drug within theorganism, and the number of functionalities present in a precursor-typeform.

Prodrug forms often offer advantages of solubility, tissuecompatibility, or delayed release in the mammalian organism. (See,Bundgard, Design of Prodrugs, pp. 7-9, 21-24, Elsevier, Amsterdam 1985and Silverman, The Organic Chemistry of Drug Design and Drug Action, pp.352-401, Academic Press, San Diego, Calif., 1992). Prodrugs commonlyknown in the art include well-known acid derivatives, such as, forexample, esters prepared by reaction of the parent acids with a suitablealcohol, amides prepared by reaction of the parent acid compound with anamine, basic groups reacted to form an acylated base derivative, etc. Ofcourse, other prodrug derivatives may be combined with other featuresdisclosed herein to enhance bioavailability. As such, those of skill inthe art will appreciate that certain of the presently disclosedcompounds having free amino, amido, hydroxy or carboxylic groups can beconverted into prodrugs. Prodrugs include compounds having an amino acidresidue, or a polypeptide chain of two or more (e.g., two, three orfour) amino acid residues which are covalently joined through peptidebonds to free amino, hydroxy or carboxylic acid groups of the presentlydisclosed compounds. The amino acid residues include the 20 naturallyoccurring amino acids commonly designated by three letter symbols andalso include 4-hydroxyproline, hydroxylysine, demosine, isodemosine,3-methylhistidine, norvalin, beta-alanine, gamma-aminobutyric acid,citrulline homocysteine, homoserine, ornithine and methionine sulfone.Prodrugs also include compounds having a carbonate, carbamate, amide oralkyl ester moiety covalently bonded to any of the above substiruentsdisclosed herein.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The invention provides novel pyrimidine derivatives and analogs thatexhibit inhibitory activities towards certain tyrosine kinases, e.g.,Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) and/or focal adhesion kinase (FAK),pharmaceutical compositions thereof. Also disclosed herein are methodsof treatment, reduction or prevention of certain diseases or conditionsmediated by such by tyrosine kinases, e.g., BTK, BTK(C481S), FAK, ERKkinases, and/or other TEC family kinases. Such diseases and conditionsinclude cancers, inflammatory diseases, fibrosis, diabetes, autoimmunediseases, or immunologically mediated diseases.

Tyrosine kinases play an important role in the regulation of variouscell processes such as cell proliferation and cell survival. Certaintyrosine kinases are known to become activated by mutation or areabnormally expressed in many human cancers. Selective inhibition ofparticular tyrosine kinases is useful in the treatment of human diseasessuch as cancer. The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), forexample, is found mutated and/or overexpressed in certain human cancers,such as lung cancer. Several EGFR inhibitors have been approved fortreatment of cancers with mutated and/or overexpressed EGFR.

Focal Adhesion Kinase

Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is a tyrosine kinase that integrates signalsfrom integrins and growth factor receptors, and regulates diversecellular functions, including adhesion, spreading, migration, invasion,polarity, proliferation, and survival. Studies have shown that FAK isrequired for tumor initiation and progression, such as in skin tumor andmammary tumor. Overexpression of FAK has been reported in many humantumors (e.g., breast, colon, pancreatic and prostate cancers). FAK isregulated and activated by phosphorylation, particularly on tyrosineresidue Y397. In addition, phosphorylated FAK(Y397) is increased incertain tumors, e.g., pancreatic cancer, compared to normal tissues.(McLean et al. 2005 Nat Rev Cancer 5(7):505-15; Frame et al. 2010 NatRev Mol Cell Biol. 11(11):802-14; McLean et al. 2004 Genes Dev.18(24):2998-3003; Lahlou et al. 2007 Proc Natl Acad Sci USA.104(51):20302-7; Owens et al. 1995 Cancer Res. 55(13):2752-5; Figel etal. 2011 Anticancer Agents Med Chem. 11(7):607-16; Jiang et al. 2016 NatMed. 22(8):851-60.)

Studies have shown that inhibition of FAK by RNAi or a dominant negativeFAK induce loss of adhesion and cell death in human cancer cells, e.g.breast, melanoma, and ovarian cancer cells. Inhibition of FAK by shRNAinhibits lung metastasis and increases survival in mouse model.Furthermore, loss of FAK catalytic activity reduces growth of v-Srctumors in mice. (Beviglia et al. 2003 Biochem J. 373(Pt 1):201-10; Smithet al. 2005 Melanoma Res. 15(5):357-62; Haider et al. 2005 Clin CancerRes. 11(24 Pt 1):8829-36; Mitra et al. 2006 Oncogene. 25(32):4429-40.)

Many of FAK's functions in cancer are linked to its role in signalingdownstream of integrins and growth factor receptors at the plasmamembrane. FAK can localize to the nucleus, and nuclear FAK regulatestranscription of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines promoting animmuno-suppressive, pro-tumorigenic microenvironment. Suppressing FAKactivity may be therapeutically beneficial by triggering immune-mediatedtumor regression. (Lim et al. 2008 Mol Cell. 29(1):9-22; Serrels et al.2015 Cell 163(1):160-73; Sulzmaier et al. 2014 Nature Reviews Cancer 14,598-610.)

Reported studies have implicated FAK as a central mediator offibrogenesis. FAK is activated after cutaneous injury.Fibroblast-specific FAK knockout mice have substantially lessinflammation and fibrosis than control mice, indicating that FAK playsan important role in fibrosis. Inhibition of FAK resulted in markedabrogation of bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis in mice. FAK is apromising target for therapeutic approaches to fibrotic diseases such aspulmonary fibrosis. (Wong et al. 2011 Nat Med. 18(1):148-52; Lagares etal. 2012 Arthritis Rheum. 64(5):1653-64; Kinoshita et al. 2013 Am JRespir Cell Mol Biol. 49(4):536-43.)

Thus, strong evidence point to FAK as a regulator of adhesion,apoptosis, inhibition of cell growth, migration, angiogenesis, fibrosis,and/or immuno-suppression. Inhibition of FAK activities can be usefulfor the treatment of FAK related diseases, such as cancer and fibrosis.Currently, there is no FDA approved FAK inhibitors available to treatpatients.

Bruton's Tyrosine Kinase

BTK is a kinase encoded by the BTK gene. BTK plays a crucial role inB-cell development and survival, e.g., B-cell activation and B-cellsignaling pathway, which links the B-cell receptor (BCR) stimuli to thedownstream response in cells. Aberrant B-cell proliferation anddifferentiation may cause lymphoma, including acute or chronic lymphoidleukemia. (Rawlings 1999 Clin Immunol. 91(3):243-53; Khan 2001 ImmunolRes. 23(2-3):147-56; Hendriks et al. 2014 Nat Rev Cancer 14(4):219-32.)

Inhibition of BTK can be a therapeutic approach to treat B-cell mediateddiseases, such as B-cell lymphomas and leukemias.

In addition, it has been reported that BTK-dependent immune cellcrosstalk drives pancreatic cancer. BTK, as a key B cell and macrophagekinase, regulates T cell-dependent immune responses. Treatment ofPDAC-bearing mice with the BTK inhibitor Ibrutinib reprogrammedmacrophages toward a TH1 phenotype and suppressed PDAC growth,indicating that BTK signaling mediates PDAC immunosuppression.Pharmacological inhibition of BTK in PDAC can reactivate adaptive immuneresponses, presenting a new therapeutic modality for this devastatingtumor type. (Gunderson et al. 2016 Cancer Discov. 6(3):270-85.)

Effective BTK inhibitors may be useful in the treatment of cancer andrheumatoid arthritis, allergy and asthma. Studies have also shown thatBTK signaling is involved in multiple inflammatory, autoimmune diseasesand immunity mediated diseases. (Corneth et al. 2016 Curr Top MicrobiolImmunol. 393:67-105.)

Other TEC family of kinases also play an important role in T-cellactivation. ITK is a member of the Tec family tyrosine kinases involvedin T-cell receptor signaling, play important roles in T-cell activationand development. ITK inhibitors could be useful in the treatment ofdiseases such as allergic asthma and atopic dermatitis. (Lucas et al.2003 Immunol Rev. 191:119-38; Schwartzberg et al. 2005 Nat Rev Immunol.5(4):284-95; August et al. 2012 Int Rev Immunol. 31(2):155-65.)

Additionally, BMK inhibitors may be useful as anticancer agents. BMX hasbeen shown to be highly expressed in cancer cells, promotes cellproliferation and tumorigenicity, and deletion of BMX inhibits tumorgrowth (Zhuang et al. 2014 J Exp Clin Cancer Res. 33:25; Li et al. 2017Oncotarget. 8(30):49238-49252; Holopainen et al. 2012 Cancer Res.72(14):3512-21.)

Since the TEC family kinases, such as BTK, ITK, BMX, play a criticalrole in the activation of B-cells and/or T-cells, which are implicatedin the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases, autoimmune diseases, andimmunologically mediated diseases, effective inhibition of these kinasesprovide a promising therapeutic approach to treatment of such diseases.

Ibrutinib, a small molecule BTK inhibitor, has been approved fortreatment of a variety of B cell lymphoma and leukemia. However, as datawith ibrutinib's use in cancer treatment matures, concerns regardingadverse events and drug resistance have emerged. (Kaur et al. 2017 AnnHematol. 96(7):1175-1184; Furman et al. 2014 N Engl J Med.370(24):2352-4.)

Ibrutinib has been shown to also target EGFR wild type (wt) present innormal cells, which may cause serious side effects such as skin rashes,diarrhea and weight loss. Such side effects have limited ibrutinib'sclinical application.

It has now been unexpectedly discovered, as disclosed herein, thatcertain pyrimidine derivatives can effectively inhibit BTK and/or otherTEC family non-receptor tyrosine kinases, e.g., bone marrow tyrosinekinase (BMX) or interleukin-2 inducing T-cell kinase (ITK). In addition,certain pyrimidine derivatives effectively inhibit resistant mutantBTK(C481S) and FAK as well as BTK. Furthermore, certain pyrimidinederivatives effectively inhibit resistant mutant BTK(C481S), FAK, andERK as well as BTK.

In one aspect, the invention generally relates to a compound having thestructural formula of (I):

wherein,

X is NH(CH₂)_(n), O or S, wherein n is 0 or 1;

A is a 5- to 7-membered, aliphatic or aromatic, cyclic or heterocyclicmoiety;

B is a 5- to 7-membered, aliphatic or aromatic, cyclic or heterocyclicmoiety;

R_(1′) may be absent and each of R₁ and R_(1′) (if present) isindependently selected from halogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, CN, OH,amino, carboxylic amide, sulfonamide and R_(1x), wherein R_(1x) isselected from:

optionally with at least one of R₁ and R_(1′) a group comprising anelectrophilic moiety, optionally with R₁ and R_(1′) jointly form a 4- to6-membered aliphatic or aromatic cyclic or heterocyclic moiety;

each of R₂ and R₃ is independently selected from the group consistingof: H, halogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, or R₂ and R₃ jointly form a5- to 7-membered, aliphatic or aromatic, cyclic or heterocyclic moiety;

each of R₄ and R₅ is independently selected from H, halogen, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, CN, OH, amino, substituted carboxylic amide,substituted sulfonamide, or R₄ and R₅ jointly form a 6- to 15-memberedaliphatic cyclic or heterocyclic moiety,

or a pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof.

In certain embodiments, the compound has the structural formula

In certain embodiments of structural formula (I), R₂ and R₃ jointly forma 5-membered ring, having the structural formula (II):

wherein

Y₁ is selected from CH, CH₂, N, NH, O or S;

Y₂ is selected from CH, CH₂, N, NH, O or S;

Y₃ is selected from CH, CH₂, N, NH, O or S; and

the bond between Y₁ and Y₂ may be a double or single bond; the bondbetween Y₂ and Y₃ may be double or single bond; provided that

at least one Y₁, Y₂ and Y₃ is CH or CH₂; and

at least one of the bond between Y₁ and Y₂ and the bond between Y₂ andY₃ is a single bond.

In certain embodiments of structural formula (I), B is a six-memberedaryl group and the compound has the structural formula of (III):

In certain embodiments of structural formula (III), R₄ and R₅ are atmeta- and para-positions, respectively, having the structural formula(IV):

In certain embodiments of structural formula (III) or (IV), R₄ and R₅jointly form a 6- to 15-membered aliphatic, cyclic or heterocyclicmoiety.

In certain embodiments, R₄ and R₅ jointly form a 12-membered aliphaticheterocyclic moiety.

In certain embodiments, the compound has the following structuralformula:

wherein each of R₆, R₇ and R₈ is independently selected from H, halogen,C₁-C₆ alkyl, and C₁-C₆ alkoxy groups.

In certain embodiments, each of R₆, R₇ and R₈ is H and the compound hasthe structural formula of (V-a):

In certain embodiments of structural formula (V), R₂ and R₃ jointly forma 5-membered heterocyclic aryl moiety, having the structural formula of(VI):

wherein

Y₁ is selected from CH, CH₂, N, NH, O or S;

Y₂ is selected from CH, CH₂, N, NH, O or S;

Y₃ is selected from CH, CH₂, N, NH, O or S;

the bond between Y₁ and Y₂ may be a double or single bond; the bondbetween Y₂ and Y₃ may be double or single bond; provided that

at least one Y₁, Y₂ and Y₃ is CH or CH₂; and

at least one of the bond between Y₁ and Y₂ and the bond between Y₂ andY₃ is a single bond.

In certain embodiments, each of R₆, R₇ and R₈ is H and the compound hasthe structural formula of (VI-a):

In certain embodiments, A is a 6-membered aryl moiety, having thestructural formula of (VII):

wherein

Z is CH or N; and

each of R₁′ and R₁″ is independently selected from H, halogen, C₁-C₆alkyl, OH, or a group comprising an electrophilic moiety, provided thatat least one of R₁′ and R₁″ is a group comprises an electrophilicmoiety.

In certain embodiments of structural formula (VII), Z is CH.

In certain embodiments of structural formula (VII), Z is N.

In certain embodiments, A is a 6-membered aliphatic cyclic orheterocyclic moiety, having the structural formula of (VIII):

wherein Z is CH or N.

In certain embodiments of structural formula (VIII), Z is CH.

In certain embodiments of structural formula (VIII), Z is N.

In certain embodiments, A is a 5-membered aliphatic cyclic moiety,having the structural formula of (IX):

each of R₁′ and R₂″ is independently selected from H, halogen, C₁-C₆alkyl, OH, or a group comprising an electrophilic moiety, provided thatat least one of R₁′ and R₂′ is a group comprises an electrophilicmoiety.

In certain embodiments of the above compounds, the bond between Y₁ andY₂ is a double bond. In certain embodiments of the above compounds, thebond between Y₁ and Y₂ is a single bond.

In certain embodiments of the above compounds, the bond between Y₂ andY₃ is a double bond. In certain embodiments of the above compounds, thebond between Y₂ and Y₃ is a single bond.

In certain embodiments of the above compounds, Y₁ is N; Y₂ is CH; and Y₃is NH.

In certain embodiments of the above compounds, Y₁ is CH; Y₂ is N; and Y₃is NH.

In certain embodiments of the above compounds, Y₁ is CH; Y₂ is CH; andY₃ is NH.

In certain embodiments of the above compounds, Y₁ is CH; Y₂ is CH; andY₃ is 0 or S.

In certain embodiments of the above compounds, X is NH.

In certain embodiments of the above compounds, X is O.

In certain embodiments of the above compounds, X is S.

In certain embodiments of the above compounds, the electrophilic ornucleophilic moiety is an acrylamide (CH₂═CH—C(═O)—NH—). In certainembodiments of the above compounds, the electrophilic or nucleophilicmoiety is —N—S(═O)₂—CH═CH₂, —N—C(═O)—CH═CH—CH₃, or —N—S(═O)₂—CH═CH—CH₃.

In certain embodiments, a disclosed compound form irreversible orcovalent bonding with a target kinase.

In certain embodiments, a disclosed compound form reversible ornon-covalent bonding with a target kinase.

Exemplary compounds of the invention include, but not limited to, thoselisted in Table 1 below:

TABLE 1 Exemplary Compounds

Compound-1

Compound-2

Compound-3

Compound-4

Compound-5

Compound-6

Compound-7

Compound-8

Compound-9

Compound-10

Compound-11

Compound-12

Compound-13

Compound-14

Compound-15

Compound-16

Compound-17

Compound-18

Compound-19

Compound-20

Compound-21

Compound-22

Compound-23

Compound-24

Compound-26

Compound-27

Compound-28

Compound-29

Compound-30

Compound-31

Compound-32

In certain embodiments, the compound has structural formula of:

In certain embodiments, the compound has structural formula of:

In certain embodiments, the compound has structural formula of:

In certain embodiments, the compound has structural formula of:

In certain embodiments, the compound has structural formula of:

In certain embodiments, the compound has structural formula of:

In certain embodiments, the compound has structural formula of:

In certain embodiments, the compound has structural formula of:

In certain embodiments, the compound has structural formula of:

In certain embodiments, the compound has structural formula of:

In certain embodiments, the compound has structural formula of:

In certain embodiments, the compound has structural formula of:

In certain embodiments, the compound has structural formula of:

In certain embodiments, the compound has structural formula of:

In certain embodiments, the compound has structural formula of:

In certain embodiments, the compound has structural formula of:

In certain embodiments, the compound has structural formula of:

In certain embodiments, the compound has structural formula of:

In another aspect, the invention generally relates to a pharmaceuticalcomposition comprising an amount of a compound having the structuralformula of (I):

wherein,

X is NH(CH₂)_(n), O or S, wherein n is 0 or 1;

A is a 5- to 7-membered, aliphatic or aromatic, cyclic or heterocyclicmoiety;

B is a 5- to 7-membered, aliphatic or aromatic, cyclic or heterocyclicmoiety;

R_(1′) may be absent and each of R₁ and R_(1′) (if present) isindependently selected from halogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, CN, OH,amino, carboxylic amide, sulfonamide and R_(1x), wherein R_(1x) isselected from:

optionally with at least one of R₁ and R_(1′) a group comprising anelectrophilic moiety, optionally with R₁ and R_(1′) jointly form a 4- to6-membered aliphatic or aromatic cyclic or heterocyclic moiety

each of R₂ and R₃ is independently selected from the group consistingof: H, halogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, or R₂ and R₃ jointly form a5- to 7-membered, aliphatic or aromatic, cyclic or heterocyclic moiety;

each of R₄ and R₅ is independently selected from H, halogen, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, CN, OH, amino, substituted carboxylic amide,substituted sulfonamide, or R₄ and R₅ jointly form a 6- to 15-memberedaliphatic cyclic or heterocyclic moiety,

or a pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof, effective to treat,prevent, or reduce one or more diseases or disorders, in a mammal,including a human, and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, carrier,or diluent.

In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is effective fortreating, preventing, or reducing cancer, or a related disease ordisorder.

In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is effective fortreating, preventing, or reducing an inflammatory disease, or a relateddisease or disorder.

In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is effective fortreating, preventing, or reducing fibrosis, or a related disease ordisorder.

In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is effective fortreating, preventing, or reducing an autoimmune disease, or a relateddisease or disorder.

In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is effective fortreating, preventing, or reducing an immunologically mediated disease,or a related disease or disorder.

The pharmaceutical composition of the invention encompasses apharmaceutical composition comprising any compound of the invention.

In certain embodiments of the pharmaceutical composition, the compoundhas the structural formula of:

In certain embodiments of the pharmaceutical composition, the compoundhas the structural formula of:

In certain embodiments of the pharmaceutical composition, the compoundhas the structural formula of:

In certain embodiments of the pharmaceutical composition, the compoundhas the structural formula of:

In certain embodiments of the pharmaceutical composition, the compoundhas the structural formula of:

In certain embodiments of the pharmaceutical composition, the compoundhas the structural formula of:

In certain embodiments of the pharmaceutical composition, the compoundhas the structural formula of:

In certain embodiments of the pharmaceutical composition, the compoundhas the structural formula of:

In certain embodiments of the pharmaceutical composition, the compoundhas the structural formula of:

In certain embodiments of the pharmaceutical composition, the compoundhas the structural formula of:

In certain embodiments of the pharmaceutical composition, the compoundhas the structural formula of:

In certain embodiments of the pharmaceutical composition, the compoundhas structural formula of:

In certain embodiments of the pharmaceutical composition, the compoundhas structural formula of:

In certain embodiments of the pharmaceutical composition, the compoundhas structural formula of:

In certain embodiments of the pharmaceutical composition, the compoundhas structural formula of:

In certain embodiments of the pharmaceutical composition, the compoundhas structural formula of:

In certain embodiments of the pharmaceutical composition, the compoundhas structural formula of:

In certain embodiments of the pharmaceutical composition, the compoundhas structural formula of:

In yet another aspect, the invention generally relates to a unit dosageform comprising a pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein.

In yet another aspect, the invention generally relates to a method fortreating, reducing, or preventing a disease or disorder, comprisingadministering to a subject in need thereof a pharmaceutical compositioncomprising a compound having the structural formula of (I):

wherein,

X is NH(CH₂)_(n), O or S, wherein n is 0 or 1;

A is a 5- to 7-membered, aliphatic or aromatic, cyclic or heterocyclicmoiety;

B is a 5- to 7-membered, aliphatic or aromatic, cyclic or heterocyclicmoiety;

R_(1′) may be absent and each of R₁ and R_(1′) (if present) isindependently selected from halogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, CN, OH,amino, carboxylic amide, sulfonamide and R_(1x), wherein R_(1x) isselected from:

optionally with at least one of R₁ and R_(1′) a group comprising anelectrophilic moiety, optionally with R₁ and R_(1′) jointly form a 4- to6-membered aliphatic or aromatic cyclic or heterocyclic moiety;

each of R₂ and R₃ is independently selected from the group consistingof: H, halogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, or R₂ and R₃ jointly form a5- to 7-membered, aliphatic or aromatic, cyclic or heterocyclic moiety;

each of R₄ and R₅ is independently selected from H, halogen, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, CN, OH, amino, substituted carboxylic amide,substituted sulfonamide, or R₄ and R₅ jointly form a 6- to 15-memberedaliphatic cyclic or heterocyclic moiety,

or a pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof, effective to treat,prevent, or reduce one or more of cancer, inflammatory disease,fibrosis, autoimmune disease, or immunologically mediated disease, or arelated disease or disorder thereof, in a mammal, including a human, anda pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, carrier, or diluent.

In certain embodiments, the method is effective to treat, prevent, orreduce cancer, or a related disease or disorder.

In certain embodiments, the method is effective to treat, prevent, orreduce an inflammatory disease, or a related disease or disorder.

In certain embodiments, the method is effective to treat, prevent, orreduce fibrosis, or a related disease or disorder.

In certain embodiments, the method is effective to treat, prevent, orreduce an autoimmune disease, or a related disease or disorder.

In certain embodiments, the method is effective to treat, prevent, orreduce an immunologically mediated disease, or a related disease ordisorder.

In yet another aspect, the invention generally relates to a method fortreating, reducing, or preventing a disease or disorder. The methodincludes administering to a subject in need thereof a pharmaceuticalcomposition disclosed herein, wherein the disease or disorder isselected from the group consisting of cancer, inflammatory disease,fibrosis, autoimmune disease, or immunologically mediated disease, or arelated disease or disorder.

In yet another aspect, the invention generally relates to a method fortreating, reducing, or preventing a disease or disorder. The methodincludes administering to a subject in need thereof a pharmaceuticalcomposition comprising a compound having inhibitory activity to Bruton'styrosine kinase (BTK) and/or focal adhesion kinase (FAK).

In certain embodiments of the method, the compound is an inhibitor ofBTK.

In certain embodiments of the method, the compound is an inhibitor ofbone marrow tyrosine kinase (BMX).

In certain embodiments of the method, the compound is an inhibitor ofboth BTK and BMX.

In certain embodiments of the method, the compound is an inhibitor ofinterleukin-2 inducing T-cell kinase (ITK).

In certain embodiments of the method, the compound is an inhibitor ofFAK.

In certain embodiments of the method, the compound is an inhibitor ofBTK and of FAK.

In certain embodiments of the method, the compound is an inhibitor ofBTK (C481S) mutant.

In certain embodiments of the method, the compound is an inhibitor ofERK.

In certain embodiments of the method, the compound is an inhibitor ofBTK, BTK (C481S) mutant, and FAK.

In certain embodiments of the method, the compound is an inhibitor ofBTK, BTK (C481S) mutant, FAK and ERK.

In certain embodiments of the method, the compound has the structuralformula of (I):

wherein,

X is NH(CH₂)_(n), O or S, wherein n is 0 or 1;

A is a 5- to 7-membered, aliphatic or aromatic, cyclic or heterocyclicmoiety;

B is a 5- to 7-membered, aliphatic or aromatic, cyclic or heterocyclicmoiety;

R_(1′) may be absent and each of R₁ and R_(1′) (if present) isindependently selected from halogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, CN, OH,amino, carboxylic amide, sulfonamide and R_(1x), wherein R_(1x) isselected from

optionally with at least one of R₁ and R_(1′) a group comprising anelectrophilic moiety, optionally with R₁ and R_(1′) jointly form a 4- to6-membered aliphatic or aromatic cyclic or heterocyclic moiety;

each of R₂ and R₃ is independently selected from the group consistingof: H, halogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, or R₂ and R₃ jointly form a5- to 7-membered, aliphatic or aromatic, cyclic or heterocyclic moiety;

each of R₄ and R₅ is independently selected from H, halogen, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, CN, OH, amino, substituted carboxylic amide,substituted sulfonamide, or R₄ and R₅ jointly form a 6- to 15-memberedaliphatic cyclic or heterocyclic moiety,

or a pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof.

In yet another aspect, the invention generally relates to a method fortreating, reducing, or preventing a disease or disorder, comprisingadministering to a subject in need thereof a pharmaceutical compositioncomprising a compound having the structural formula of:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof, effective to treat,prevent, or reduce one or more of cancer, inflammatory disease,fibrosis, autoimmune disease, diabetes, or immunologically mediateddisease, or a related disease or disorder thereof, in a mammal,including a human, and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, carrier,or diluent.

In yet another aspect, the invention generally relates to a method fortreating, reducing, or preventing a disease or disorder, comprisingadministering to a subject in need thereof a pharmaceutical compositioncomprising a compound having the structural formula of:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof, effective to treat,prevent, or reduce one or more of cancer, inflammatory disease,fibrosis, autoimmune disease, diabetes, or immunologically mediateddisease, or a related disease or disorder thereof, in a mammal,including a human, and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, carrier,or diluent.

In yet another aspect, the invention generally relates to a method fortreating, reducing, or preventing a disease or disorder, comprisingadministering to a subject in need thereof a pharmaceutical compositioncomprising a compound having the structural formula of:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof, effective to treat,prevent, or reduce one or more of cancer, inflammatory disease,fibrosis, autoimmune disease, diabetes, or immunologically mediateddisease, or a related disease or disorder thereof, in a mammal,including a human, and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, carrier,or diluent.

In yet another aspect, the invention generally relates to a method fortreating, reducing, or preventing a disease or disorder, comprisingadministering to a subject in need thereof a pharmaceutical compositioncomprising a compound having the structural formula of:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof, effective to treat,prevent, or reduce one or more of cancer, inflammatory disease,fibrosis, autoimmune disease, diabetes, or immunologically mediateddisease, or a related disease or disorder thereof, in a mammal,including a human, and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, carrier,or diluent.

In yet another aspect, the invention generally relates to a method fortreating, reducing, or preventing a disease or disorder, comprisingadministering to a subject in need thereof a pharmaceutical compositioncomprising a compound having the structural formula of:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof, effective to treat,prevent, or reduce one or more of cancer, inflammatory disease,fibrosis, autoimmune disease, diabetes, or immunologically mediateddisease, or a related disease or disorder thereof, in a mammal,including a human, and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, carrier,or diluent.

In yet another aspect, the invention generally relates to a method fortreating, reducing, or preventing a disease or disorder, comprisingadministering to a subject in need thereof a pharmaceutical compositioncomprising a compound having the structural formula of:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof, effective to treat,prevent, or reduce one or more of cancer, inflammatory disease,fibrosis, autoimmune disease, diabetes, or immunologically mediateddisease, or a related disease or disorder thereof, in a mammal,including a human, and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, carrier,or diluent.

In yet another aspect, the invention generally relates to a method fortreating, reducing, or preventing a disease or disorder, comprisingadministering to a subject in need thereof a pharmaceutical compositioncomprising a compound having the structural formula of:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof, effective to treat,prevent, or reduce one or more of cancer, inflammatory disease,fibrosis, autoimmune disease, diabetes, or immunologically mediateddisease, or a related disease or disorder thereof, in a mammal,including a human, and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, carrier,or diluent.

In yet another aspect, the invention generally relates to a method fortreating, reducing, or preventing a disease or disorder, comprisingadministering to a subject in need thereof a pharmaceutical compositioncomprising a compound having the structural formula of:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof, effective to treat,prevent, or reduce one or more of cancer, inflammatory disease,fibrosis, autoimmune disease, diabetes, or immunologically mediateddisease, or a related disease or disorder thereof, in a mammal,including a human, and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, carrier,or diluent.

In yet another aspect, the invention generally relates to a method fortreating, reducing, or preventing a disease or disorder, comprisingadministering to a subject in need thereof a pharmaceutical compositioncomprising a compound having the structural formula of:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof, effective to treat,prevent, or reduce one or more of cancer, inflammatory disease,fibrosis, autoimmune disease, diabetes, or immunologically mediateddisease, or a related disease or disorder thereof, in a mammal,including a human, and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, carrier,or diluent.

In yet another aspect, the invention generally relates to a method fortreating, reducing, or preventing a disease or disorder, comprisingadministering to a subject in need thereof a pharmaceutical compositioncomprising a compound having the structural formula of:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof, effective to treat,prevent, or reduce one or more of cancer, inflammatory disease,fibrosis, autoimmune disease, diabetes, or immunologically mediateddisease, or a related disease or disorder thereof, in a mammal,including a human, and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, carrier,or diluent.

In yet another aspect, the invention generally relates to a method fortreating, reducing, or preventing a disease or disorder, comprisingadministering to a subject in need thereof a pharmaceutical compositioncomprising a compound having the structural formula of:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof, effective to treat,prevent, or reduce one or more of cancer, inflammatory disease,fibrosis, autoimmune disease, diabetes, or immunologically mediateddisease, or a related disease or disorder thereof, in a mammal,including a human, and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, carrier,or diluent.

In yet another aspect, the invention generally relates to a method fortreating, reducing, or preventing a disease or disorder, comprisingadministering to a subject in need thereof a pharmaceutical compositioncomprising a compound having the structural formula of:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof, effective to treat,prevent, or reduce one or more of cancer, inflammatory disease,fibrosis, autoimmune disease, diabetes, or immunologically mediateddisease, or a related disease or disorder thereof, in a mammal,including a human, and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, carrier,or diluent.

In yet another aspect, the invention generally relates to a method fortreating, reducing, or preventing a disease or disorder, comprisingadministering to a subject in need thereof a pharmaceutical compositioncomprising a compound having the structural formula of:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof, effective to treat,prevent, or reduce one or more of cancer, inflammatory disease,fibrosis, autoimmune disease, diabetes, or immunologically mediateddisease, or a related disease or disorder thereof, in a mammal,including a human, and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, carrier,or diluent.

In yet another aspect, the invention generally relates to a method fortreating, reducing, or preventing a disease or disorder, comprisingadministering to a subject in need thereof a pharmaceutical compositioncomprising a compound having the structural formula of:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof, effective to treat,prevent, or reduce one or more of cancer, inflammatory disease,fibrosis, autoimmune disease, diabetes, or immunologically mediateddisease, or a related disease or disorder thereof, in a mammal,including a human, and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, carrier,or diluent.

In yet another aspect, the invention generally relates to a method fortreating, reducing, or preventing a disease or disorder, comprisingadministering to a subject in need thereof a pharmaceutical compositioncomprising a compound having the structural formula of:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof, effective to treat,prevent, or reduce one or more of cancer, inflammatory disease,fibrosis, autoimmune disease, diabetes, or immunologically mediateddisease, or a related disease or disorder thereof, in a mammal,including a human, and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, carrier,or diluent.

In yet another aspect, the invention generally relates to a method fortreating, reducing, or preventing a disease or disorder, comprisingadministering to a subject in need thereof a pharmaceutical compositioncomprising a compound having the structural formula of:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof, effective to treat,prevent, or reduce one or more of cancer, inflammatory disease,fibrosis, autoimmune disease, diabetes, or immunologically mediateddisease, or a related disease or disorder thereof, in a mammal,including a human, and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, carrier,or diluent.

In yet another aspect, the invention generally relates to a method fortreating, reducing, or preventing a disease or disorder, comprisingadministering to a subject in need thereof a pharmaceutical compositioncomprising a compound having the structural formula of:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof, effective to treat,prevent, or reduce one or more of cancer, inflammatory disease,fibrosis, autoimmune disease, diabetes, or immunologically mediateddisease, or a related disease or disorder thereof, in a mammal,including a human, and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, carrier,or diluent.

In yet another aspect, the invention generally relates to a method fortreating, reducing, or preventing a disease or disorder, comprisingadministering to a subject in need thereof a pharmaceutical compositioncomprising a compound having the structural formula of:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable form thereof, effective to treat,prevent, or reduce one or more of cancer, inflammatory disease,fibrosis, autoimmune disease, diabetes, or immunologically mediateddisease, or a related disease or disorder thereof, in a mammal,including a human, and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, carrier,or diluent.

In yet another aspect, the invention generally relates to use of acompound disclosed herein and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient,carrier, or diluent, in preparation of a medicament for treating adisease or disorder.

In certain embodiments of the use, the disease or disorder is cancer, ora related disease or disorder.

In certain embodiments of the use, the disease or disorder is aninflammatory disease, or a related disease or disorder.

In certain embodiments of the use, the disease or disorder is fibrosis,or a related disease or disorder.

In certain embodiments of the use, the disease or disorder is anautoimmune disease, or a related disease or disorder.

In certain embodiments of the use, the disease or disorder is animmunologically mediated disease, or a related disease or disorder.

The compounds, pharmaceutical compositions and methods of the inventioncan be used for the treatment of proliferative diseases that can betreated or prevented include, among others, non-Hodgkin lymphoma (inparticular the subtypes diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and mantlecell lymphoma (MCL)), B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia and acutelymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) with mature B cell, ALL in particular.

The compounds, pharmaceutical compositions and methods of the inventioncan be used for the treatment of autoimmune and inflammatory diseasessuch as rheumatic diseases (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, psoriaticarthritis, infectious arthritis, progressive chronic arthritis,deforming arthritis, osteoarthritis, traumatic arthritis, goutyarthritis, Reiter's syndrome, polychondritis, acute synovitis andspondylitis), glomerulonephritis (with or without nephrotic syndrome),autoimmune hematologic disorders (e.g., hemolytic anemia, aplasicanemia, idiopathic thrombocytopenia, and neutropenia), autoimmunegastritis, and autoimmune inflammatory bowel diseases (e.g., ulcerativecolitis and Crohn's disease), host versus graft disease, allograftrejection, chronic thyroiditis, Graves' disease, schleroderma, diabetes(type I and type II), active hepatitis (acute and chronic),pancreatitis, primary billiary cirrhosis, myasthenia gravis, multiplesclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosis, psoriasis, atopic dermatitis,contact dermatitis, eczema, skin sunburns, vasculitis (e.g., Behcet'sdisease), chronic renal insufficiency, Stevens-Johnson syndrome,inflammatory pain, idiopathic sprue, cachexia, sarcoidosis,Guillain-Barré syndrome, uveitis, conjunctivitis, kerato conjunctivitis,otitis media, periodontal disease, pulmonary interstitial fibrosis,asthma, bronchitis, rhinitis, sinusitis, pneumoconiosis, pulmonaryinsufficiency syndrome, pulmonary emphysema, pulmonary fibrosis,silicosis, chronic inflammatory pulmonary disease (e.g., chronicobstructive pulmonary disease) and other inflammatory or obstructivedisease on airways.

The compounds, pharmaceutical compositions and methods of the inventioncan provide enhanced anti-inflammatory effects when the subject is alsocan provide enhanced therapeutic effects when it is administered incombination with another therapeutic agent for treating inflammatorydiseases, autoimmune diseases, or immunologically mediated diseases.

Examples of the therapeutic agent for treating the inflammatorydiseases, autoimmune diseases, or immunologically mediated diseases mayinclude, but are not limited to, steroid drugs (e.g., prednisone,prednisolone, methyl prednisolone, cortisone, hydroxycortisone,betametasone, dexametasone and the like), methotrexates, leflunomides,anti-TNFa agents (e.g., etanercept, infliximab, adalimunab and thelike), calcineurin inhibitors (e.g., tacrolimus, pimecrolimus and thelike) and antihistaminic drugs (e.g., diphenhydramine, hydroxyzine,loratadine, ebastine, ketotifen, cetirizine, levocetirizine,fexofenadine and the like), and at least one therapeutic agent selectedtherefrom may be included in the inventive pharmaceutical composition.

The compounds, pharmaceutical compositions and methods of the inventioncan be used for the treatment of allergies, e.g., allergies to foods,food additives, insect poisons, dust mites, pollen, animal materials andcontact allergens, type I hypersensitivity allergic asthma, allergicrhinitis, allergic conjunctivitis.

The compounds, pharmaceutical compositions and methods of the inventioncan be used for the treatment of infectious diseases, e.g., sepsis,septic shock, endotoxic shock, sepsis by Gram-negative bacteria,shigellosis, meningitis, cerebral malaria, pneumonia, tuberculosis,viral myocarditis, viral hepatitis (hepatitis A, hepatitis B andhepatitis C), HIV infection, retinitis caused by cytomegalovirus,influenza, herpes, treatment of infections associated with severe burns,myalgias caused by infections, cachexia secondary to infections, andveterinary viral infections such as lentivirus, caprine arthritic virus,visna-maedi virus, feline immunodeficiency virus, bovineimmunodeficiency virus or canine immunodeficiency virus.

The compounds, pharmaceutical compositions and methods of the inventioncan be used for the treatment of bone resorption disorders, e.g.,osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, traumatic arthritis, gouty arthritis andbone disorders related with multiple myeloma.

The compounds, pharmaceutical compositions and methods of the inventioncan be used for the treatment of cancer induced by BTK and/or FAKtyrosine kinase or a mutant thereof.

The compounds, pharmaceutical compositions and methods of the inventioncan be used for the treatment of cancer induced by BTK or a mutantthereof.

The compounds, pharmaceutical compositions and methods of the inventioncan be used for the treatment of cancer induced by BTK and/or BMXtyrosine kinase or a mutant thereof.

The compounds, pharmaceutical compositions and methods of the inventioncan be used for the treatment of cancer induced by BMX tyrosine kinase.

The compounds, pharmaceutical compositions and methods of the inventioncan be used for the treatment of cancer induced by ERK kinase.

Examples of the cancers or tumors may include, but are not limited to,liver cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, thyroid cancer, colorectalcancer, testicular cancer, bone cancer, oral cancer, basal cellcarcinoma, ovarian cancer, brain tumor, gallbladder carcinoma, biliarytract cancer, head and neck cancer, colorectal cancer, vesicalcarcinoma, tongue cancer, esophageal cancer, glioma, glioblastoma, renalcancer, malignant melanoma, gastric cancer, breast cancer, sarcoma,pharynx carcinoma, uterine cancer, cervical cancer, prostate cancer,rectal cancer, pancreatic cancer, lung cancer, skin cancer, and othersolid cancer.

The compounds, pharmaceutical compositions and methods of the inventioncan provide enhanced anticancer effects when the subject is alsoadministered another anticancer agent(s).

Examples of the anticancer agents may include, but are not limited to,immunotherapies (e.g. CTLA4 antagonist, cell signal transductioninhibitors (e.g., imatinib, gefitinib, bortezomib, erlotinib, sorafenib,sunitinib, dasatinib, vorinostat, lapatinib, temsirolimus, nilotinib,everolimus, pazopanib, trastuzumab, bevacizumab, cetuximab, ranibizumab,pegaptanib, panitumumab and the like), mitosis inhibitors (e.g.,paclitaxel, vincristine, vinblastine and the like), alkylating agents(e.g., cisplatin, cyclophosphamide, chromabucil, carmustine and thelike), anti-metabolites (e.g., methotrexate, 5-FU and the like),intercalating anticancer agents, (e.g., actinomycin, anthracycline,bleomycin, mitomycin-C and the like), topoisomerase inhibitors (e.g.,irinotecan, topotecan, teniposide and the like), immunotherapic agents(e.g., interleukin, interferon and the like) and antihormonal agents(e.g., tamoxifen, raloxifene and the like), and at least one anticanceragent selected therefrom may be included in the inventive pharmaceuticalcomposition.

Isotopically-labeled compounds are also within the scope of the presentdisclosure. As used herein, an “isotopically-labeled compound” refers toa presently disclosed compound including pharmaceutical salts andprodrugs thereof, each as described herein, in which one or more atomsare replaced by an atom having an atomic mass or mass number differentfrom the atomic mass or mass number usually found in nature. Examples ofisotopes that can be incorporated into compounds presently disclosedinclude isotopes of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorous,fluorine and chlorine, such as ²H, ³H, ¹³C, ¹⁴C, ¹⁵N, ¹⁸O, ¹⁷O, ³¹P,³²P, ³⁵S, ¹⁸F, and ³⁶Cl, respectively.

By isotopically-labeling the presently disclosed compounds, thecompounds may be useful in drug and/or substrate tissue distributionassays. Tritiated (³H) and carbon-14 (¹⁴C) labeled compounds areparticularly preferred for their ease of preparation and detectability.Further, substitution with heavier isotopes such as deuterium (²H) canafford certain therapeutic advantages resulting from greater metabolicstability, for example increased in vivo half-life or reduced dosagerequirements and, hence, may be preferred in some circumstances.Isotopically labeled compounds presently disclosed, includingpharmaceutical salts, esters, and prodrugs thereof, can be prepared byany means known in the art.

Further, substitution of normally abundant hydrogen (¹H) with heavierisotopes such as deuterium can afford certain therapeutic advantages,e.g., resulting from improved absorption, distribution, metabolismand/or excretion (ADME) properties, creating drugs with improvedefficacy, safety, and/or tolerability. Benefits may also be obtainedfrom replacement of normally abundant ¹²C with ¹³C. (See, WO2007/005643, WO 2007/005644, WO 2007/016361, and WO 2007/016431.)

Stereoisomers (e.g., cis and trans isomers) and all optical isomers of apresently disclosed compound (e.g., R and S enantiomers), as well asracemic, diastereomeric and other mixtures of such isomers are withinthe scope of the present disclosure.

Compounds of the present invention are, subsequent to their preparation,preferably isolated and purified to obtain a composition containing anamount by weight equal to or greater than 95% (“substantially pure”),which is then used or formulated as described herein. In certainembodiments, the compounds of the present invention are more than 99%pure. Solvates and polymorphs of the compounds of the invention are alsocontemplated herein. Solvates of the compounds of the present inventioninclude, for example, hydrates.

Any appropriate route of administration can be employed, for example,parenteral, intravenous, subcutaneous, intramuscular, intraventricular,intracorporeal, intraperitoneal, rectal, or oral administration. Mostsuitable means of administration for a particular patient will depend onthe nature and severity of the disease or condition being treated or thenature of the therapy being used and on the nature of the activecompound.

Solid dosage forms for oral administration include capsules, tablets,pills, powders, and granules. In such solid dosage forms, the compoundsdescribed herein or derivatives thereof are admixed with at least oneinert customary excipient (or carrier) such as sodium citrate ordicalcium phosphate or (i) fillers or extenders, as for example,starches, lactose, sucrose, glucose, mannitol, and silicic acid, (ii)binders, as for example, carboxymethylcellulose, alignates, gelatin,polyvinylpyrrolidone, sucrose, and acacia, (iii) humectants, as forexample, glycerol, (iv) disintegrating agents, as for example,agar-agar, calcium carbonate, potato or tapioca starch, alginic acid,certain complex silicates, and sodium carbonate, (v) solution retarders,as for example, paraffin, (vi) absorption accelerators, as for example,quaternary ammonium compounds, (vii) wetting agents, as for example,cetyl alcohol, and glycerol monostearate, (viii) adsorbents, as forexample, kaolin and bentonite, and (ix) lubricants, as for example,talc, calcium stearate, magnesium stearate, solid polyethylene glycols,sodium lauryl sulfate, or mixtures thereof. In the case of capsules,tablets, and pills, the dosage forms may also comprise buffering agents.Solid compositions of a similar type may also be employed as fillers insoft and hard-filled gelatin capsules using such excipients as lactoseor milk sugar as well as high molecular weight polyethyleneglycols, andthe like. Solid dosage forms such as tablets, dragees, capsules, pills,and granules can be prepared with coatings and shells, such as entericcoatings and others known in the art.

Liquid dosage forms for oral administration include pharmaceuticallyacceptable emulsions, solutions, suspensions, syrups, and elixirs. Inaddition to the active compounds, the liquid dosage forms may containinert diluents commonly used in the art, such as water or othersolvents, solubilizing agents, and emulsifiers, such as for example,ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, ethyl carbonate, ethyl acetate, benzylalcohol, benzyl benzoate, propyleneglycol, 1,3-butyleneglycol,dimethylformamide, oils, in particular, cottonseed oil, groundnut oil,corn germ oil, olive oil, castor oil, sesame oil, glycerol,tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol, polyethyleneglycols, and fatty acid estersof sorbitan, or mixtures of these substances, and the like. Besides suchinert diluents, the composition can also include additional agents, suchas wetting, emulsifying, suspending, sweetening, flavoring, or perfumingagents.

Materials, compositions, and components disclosed herein can be usedfor, can be used in conjunction with, can be used in preparation for, orare products of the disclosed methods and compositions. It is understoodthat when combinations, subsets, interactions, groups, etc. of thesematerials are disclosed that while specific reference of each variousindividual and collective combinations and permutations of thesecompounds may not be explicitly disclosed, each is specificallycontemplated and described herein. For example, if a method is disclosedand discussed and a number of modifications that can be made to a numberof molecules including in the method are discussed, each and everycombination and permutation of the method, and the modifications thatare possible are specifically contemplated unless specifically indicatedto the contrary. Likewise, any subset or combination of these is alsospecifically contemplated and disclosed. This concept applies to allaspects of this disclosure including, but not limited to, steps inmethods using the disclosed compositions. Thus, if there are a varietyof additional steps that can be performed, it is understood that each ofthese additional steps can be performed with any specific method stepsor combination of method steps of the disclosed methods, and that eachsuch combination or subset of combinations is specifically contemplatedand should be considered disclosed.

Certain compounds of the present invention may exist in particulargeometric or stereoisomeric forms. The present invention contemplatesall such compounds, including cis- and trans-isomers, R- andS-enantiomers, diastereomers, (D)-isomers, (L)-isomers, the racemicmixtures thereof, and other mixtures thereof, as falling within thescope of the invention. Additional asymmetric carbon atoms may bepresent in a substituent such as an alkyl group. All such isomers, aswell as mixtures thereof, are intended to be included in this invention.

Isomeric mixtures containing any of a variety of isomer ratios may beutilized in accordance with the present invention. For example, whereonly two isomers are combined, mixtures containing 50:50, 60:40, 70:30,80:20, 90:10, 95:5, 96:4, 97:3, 98:2, 99:1, or 100:0 isomer ratios arecontemplated by the present invention. Those of ordinary skill in theart will readily appreciate that analogous ratios are contemplated formore complex isomer mixtures.

If, for instance, a particular enantiomer of a compound of the presentinvention is desired, it may be prepared by asymmetric synthesis, or byderivation with a chiral auxiliary, where the resulting diastereomericmixture is separated and the auxiliary group cleaved to provide the puredesired enantiomers. Alternatively, where the molecule contains a basicfunctional group, such as amino, or an acidic functional group, such ascarboxyl, diastereomeric salts are formed with an appropriateoptically-active acid or base, followed by resolution of thediastereomers thus formed by fractional crystallization orchromatographic methods well known in the art, and subsequent recoveryof the pure enantiomers.

The following examples are meant to be illustrative of the practice ofthe invention, and not limiting in any way.

EXAMPLES Compound Synthesis4-[3-[(5-ethyl-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxan-5-yl)oxy]propoxy]aniline (I-1)

In a round-bottom flask, 2,2-dimethyl-5-vinyl-1,3-dioxane (2.9 g, 20.4mmol, 2.0 eq.), 3-(4-nitrophenoxy)propan-1-ol (2.0 g, 10.2 mmol, 1.0eq.), sodium carbonate (206 mg, 2.0 mmol, 0.2 eq.), RuCl₂(PPh₃)₃(192 mg,0.2 mmol, 2.0% mol) were heated at 115° C. under nitrogen for 3 hr. TLCshowed complete reaction (PE/EA=15:1), giving crude5-ethyl-2,2-dimethyl-5-[3-(4-nitrophenoxy)propoxy]-1,3-dioxane (2.78 g,80% yield).

To the intermediate obtained above (2.78 g, 8.2 mmol) in 60 mL of ethylacetate, Palladium on carbon (200 mg, 7% Wt) was added. The reactionflask was vacuumed/refilled with hydrogen several times. The mixture wasstirred at r.t. for 16 hr. under hydrogen. After filtration andconcentration, the residue was purified by column chromatography onsilica gel with petroleum ether/ethyl acetate (v/v ratio=5:1→3:1),giving the desired4-[3-[(5-ethyl-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxan-5-yl)oxy]-propoxy]aniline (I-1)(2.4 g, 95% yield).

LC-MS: 168.1 [ESI, M+1 for 3-(4-aminophenoxy)propan-1-ol)]

6,7,9,10,12,13-Hexahydro-5,8,11,14-tetraoxa-benzocyclododecen-2-ylamine(I-2)

Step-1. Under nitrogen, to the mixture of (22.02 g, 199.98 mmol) in 220mL of n-butanol, was added 46 mL of aqueous solution of LiOH H₂O (18.46g, 439.94 mmol). The mixture was heated to 95° C., followed by additionof 1-chloro-2-[2-(2-chloro-ethoxy)-ethoxy]-ethane (37.43 g, 200.09 mmol)in 240 mL of n-butanol. The reaction was heated overnight, thenfiltrated. 1 M of aqueous hydrochloric acid was added to adjust pH to 8.After removal of most n-butanol under reduced pressure, the residue wasextracted with dichloromethane 250 mL×2. The combined organic layer waswashed with brine and dried over anhydrous MgSO₄. The crude product waspurified by column chromatography on silica gel, giving 6.5 g of6,7,9,10,12,13-Hexahydro-5,8,11,14-tetraoxa-benzocyclododecene as yellowoil, 14.4% yield.

Step-2. To a refluxing solution of6,7,9,10,12,13-Hexahydro-5,8,11,14-tetraoxa-benzo-cyclododecene (6.50 g,28.98 mmol) in 65 mL of acetonitrile, was added nitric acid (56%, 5.4mL) dropwise. When TLC showed the completion of reaction, 160 mL ofwater was added. The resulting solution was kept at 2° C. overnight. Theprecipitate was collected and washed until to neutral pH, giving desired2-Nitro-6,7,9,10,12,13-hexahydro-5,8,11,14-tetraoxa-benzocyclododeceneas yellow solid (4.61 g, 59% yield).

Step-3. To the nitro compound (4.61 g, 17.12 mmol) suspended in 90 mL ofMeOH was added 0.46 g of 10% Pd/C. After hydrogen exchange, the mixturewas stirred under H₂ overnight. TLC showed complete reduction of nitromaterial. Hydrogen was removed and the reaction flask was refilled withnitrogen several times. The reaction mixture was filtered, concentrated,and purified by column chromatography on silica gel, giving 3.76 g ofthe desired aniline (I-2), (91.7% yield).

LC/MS: 240.2 (ES+, M+1)

¹HNMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz) δ 6.83 (d, 1H, J=8 Hz), 6.33 (dd, 1H, J=4 Hz),6.26 (dd, 1H, J=4, 8 Hz), (4.11, m 4H), 3.89 (m, 2H), 3.80 (m, 6H), 1.75(br s, 2H).

1-[(3R)-3-[[2-[4-[3-[(2-ethyl-5,5-dimethyl-1,3-dioxan-2-yl)oxy]propoxy]anilino]-5-fluoro-pyrimidin-4-yl]amino]-1-piperidyl]prop-2-en-1-one(Compound-1)

Step-1 (Cl-displacement). tert-butyl(3R)-3-aminopiperidine-1-carboxylate (3.8 g, 19.2 mmol),2,4-dichloro-5-F-pyrimidine (3.2 g, 19.2 mmol) and trimethylamine (4.56mL, 32 mmol) were mixed in 25 mL of n-butanol. The reaction mixture washeat at 130° C. overnight. LC-MS showed completion of the reaction.After concentration, the residue was subject to regular aqueous work up,and extracted by ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed with water,brine, and dried over anhydrous MgSO₄. After filtration andconcentration, the crude product was purified by column chromatographyon silica gel (petroleum ether/ethyl acetate v/v 4/1), giving tert-butyl(3R)-3-[(2-chloro-5-fluoro-pyrimidin-4-yl)amino]piperidine-1-carboxylate(4.8 g, 73%) as a white solid.

Step-2 (De-Boc). DeBoc reaction was done using Boc-Intermediate above(3.3 g, 10 mmol) with 6 mL of trifluoroacetic acid in 15 mL ofdichloromethane for 4 hr. The solvent was removed under reducedpressure, the residue was suspended between ethyl acetate (200 mL) andsaturated sodium bicarbonate. The organic layer was separated and driedwith anhydrous MgSO₄. After filtration and concentration, de-Boc productwas obtained (1.4 g, 61% yield).

Step-3 (Acryloylation). To a mixture of de-Boc intermediate (0.8 g, 3.5mmol) and DIPEA (0.91 g, 7 mmol) in 20 mL of DCM/DMA (v/v 3:1) at −7.5°C., was added acryloyl chloride (0.4 mL, 5.0 mmol) in 5 mL of DCM. Thereaction mixture was stirred overnight. After concentration and regularaqueous workup with ethyl acetate, the final product was purified bycolumn chromatography on silica gel, with petroleum ether/ethylacetate=3/1, giving acrylalmide 0.62 g, 62% yield.

Step-4 (Pd-mediated Aryl amination). To a mixture of acrylamide (0.31 g,1.09 mmol), and key intermediate I-1 (0.4 g, 1.3 mmol) in 6 mL oft-butanol, was added potassium carbanate (1.4 g, 9.2 mmol), X-phos (0.22g, 0.24 mmol), and Pd₂(dba)₃ (0.06 g, 0.12 mmol). After nitrogenexchange, the mixture was heated at 80° C. overnight. The product wasextracted with ethyl acetate, and was purified by column chromatographyon silica gel, with petroleum ether/ethyl acetate=3/1 to 2/1, desiredfinal product1-[(3R)-3-[[2-[4-[3-[(2-ethyl-5,5-dimethyl-1,3-dioxan-2-yl)oxy]propoxy]anilino]-5-fluoro-pyrimidin-4-yl]amino]-1-piperidyl]prop-2-en-1-one(0.15 g, 25%).

LC-MS: m/z (ES+, M+142 2,5,5-trimethyl-1,3-dioxane)

Synthesis of1-[(3R)-3-[[5-fluoro-2-(2,5,8,11-tetraoxabicyclo[10.4.0]hexadeca-1(12),13,15-trien-14-ylamino)pyrimidin-4-yl]amino]-1-piperidyl]prop-2-en-1-one(Compound-2)

To the mixture of acrylamide (61 mg, 0.21 mmol, 1.07 eq.) and keyintermediate I-2 (48 mg, 0.2 mmol, 1 eq.) in 4 mL of n-buthanol, wasadded 2 drops of trifluoroacetic acid. The resulting mixture wasrefluxed overnight. The reaction mixture was concentrated, and theresidue was neutralized with sodium bicarbonate, extracted with ethylacetate. The crude product was purified by column chromatography onsilica gel, with DCM/MeOH v/v=30/1, giving white solid 46 mg (26%) asdesired1-[3-[[5-fluoro-2-(2,5,8,11-tetraoxabicyclo[10.4.0]hexadeca-1(12),13,15-trien-14-ylamino)pyrimidin-4-yl]amino]-1-piperidyl]prop-2-en-1-one.

LC-MS: m/z 488.2 (ES+, M+1).

1-[(3R)-3-[[2-(2,5,8,11-tetraoxabicyclo[10.4.0]hexadeca-1(12),13,15-trien-14-ylamino)-9H-purin-6-yl]amino]-1-piperidyl]prop-2-en-1-one(Compound-3)

Step-1 (N-protection). To the mixture of 2,6-dichloro-9H-purine (11 g,60 mmol), and cesium carbonate (29 g, 90 mmol) in 20 mL of DMSO, wasadded dropwise chloromethyl 2,2-dimethylpropanoate (13.5 g, 90 mmol).After stirring at r.t. for 48 hr., the mixture was poured into the ice.The product was extracted with ethyl acetate, and purified by columnchromatography on silica gel with petroleum ether/ethyl acetate 7/1 to5/1, giving 5 g of (2,6-dichloropurin-9-yl)methyl 2,2-dimethylpropanoate(27%).

Step-2 (Cl-displacement). This step was carried out in the same way asdescribed in the Step-1 of Scheme 3 using (2,6-dichloropurin-9-yl)methyl2,2-dimethylpropanoate (2.1 g, 6.93 mmol) and2,4-dichloro-5-F-pyrimidine (1.66 g, 8.32 mmol), giving tert-butyl(3R)-3-[[2-chloro-9-(2,2-dimethylpropanoyloxymethyl)purin-6-yl]amino]piperidine-1-carboxylate as white foamy solid (2.3 g, 71%).

Step-3 (Pd-mediated Aryl amination). This step was carried out in thesame way as described in the Step-4 of Scheme 3 using the product fromlast step (1.4 g, 3.0 mmol) with2,5,8,11-tetraoxabicyclo[10.4.0]hexadeca-1(12),13,15-trien-14-amine(0.86 g, 3.6 mmol, X-phos (0.15 g, 0.3 mmol), Pd₂ (dba)₃ (0.2 g, 0.2mmol), giving tert-butyl(3R)-3-[[9-(2,2-dimethylpropanoyloxymethyl)-2-(2,5,8,11-tetraoxabicyclo[10.4.0]hexadeca-1(12),13,15-trien-14-ylamino)purin-6-yl]amino]piperidine-1-carboxylate(0.6 g, 30%).

Step-4 (deprotection). To diaminopurine from last step (0.6 g, 0.9 mol)in 10 mL of THF and 5 mL of MeOH mixture at 0° C., was added 0.96 mL of3 M aqueous NaOH. The mixture was stirred at r.t. for 5 hr., followed by0.4 mL of ammonium hydroxide (25˜28%). The stirring was continuedovernight, and the product was extracted with ethyl acetate. Afterconcentration, a crude product (0.35 g) was obtained and used directlyin the following step.

Step-5 (de-Boc). Boc deprotection was done using the crude productobtained above with 2 mL of TFA in 4 mL of DCM. The reaction mixture waspoured into water, sonicated and filtered, giving 0.4 g solid.

Step-6 (acryloylation). The acryloylation was carried out usingdeprotected intermediate (0.15 g, 0.33 mol) in 12 mL ofTHF/water/DMF10/1/1 mixed solvent with acryloyl chloride (32 μL, 1.1eq.) and trimethylamine (0.1 g, 1 mmol). After stirring overnight, themixture was poured into water. The solid was collected, giving 29 mg ofyellow solid, purity 96.7% (17% yield).

LC-MS: 510.2 (ES+, M+1).

1-[(3R)-3-[[2-(2,5,8,11-tetraoxabicyclo[10.4.0]hexadeca-1(12),13,15-trien-14-ylamino)-9H-purin-6-yl]amino]-1-piperidyl]propan-1-one(Compound-4)

Compound-4 was made by hydrogenation of Compound-3 over Pd/C inMethanol.

LC-MS: 512.2 (ES+, M+1).

N-[3-[[2-[4-[3-[(2-ethyl-5,5-dimethyl-1,3-dioxan-2-yl)oxy]propoxy]anilino]-5-fluoro-pyrimidin-4-yl]amino]phenyl]prop-2-enamide(Compound-5)

The synthesis of Compound-5 was carried out in the same ways as forCompound-1 using meta-N-Boc aniline as starting material in place of3-amino-N-Boc-piperidine.

LC-MS: m/z=425.1 (ES+, M+H−142).

N-[3-[[5-fluoro-2-(2,5,8,11-tetraoxabicyclo[10.4.0]hexadeca-1(12),13,15-trien-14-ylamino)pyrimidin-4-yl]amino]phenyl]prop-2-enamide(Compound-6)

The synthesis of Compound-6 was carried out in the same ways as forCompound-2 using meta-N-Boc aniline as starting material in place of3-amino-N-Boc-piperidine.

LC-MS: m/z=496.3 (ES+, M+H).

¹HNMR (DMSO-d₆, 400 MHz) δ 10.15 (s, 1H), 9.41 (s, 1H), 9.04 (s, 1H),8.08 (s, 1H), 7.93 (s, 1H), 7.48 (m, 2H), 7.37 (d, 1H, J=4 Hz), 7.27(dd, 1H, J=4, 8 Hz), 7.21 (dd, 1H, J=4, 8 Hz), 6.83 (d, 1H, J=8 Hz),6.47 (dd, 1H, J=8, 16 Hz), 6.24 (dd, 1H, J=4, 16 Hz), 5.74 (dd, 1H, J=4,8 Hz), 4.00 (br s, 2H), 3.88 (br s, 2H), 3.67 (br s, 4H), 3.43 (br s,4H).

N-[3-[[2-(2,5,8,11-tetraoxabicyclo[10.4.0]hexadeca-1(12),13,15-trien-14-ylamino)-9H-purin-6-yl]amino]phenyl]prop-2-enamide(Compound-7)

The synthesis of Compound-7 was carried out in the same ways as forCompound-3 using meta-N-Boc aniline as starting material in place of3-amino-N-Boc-piperidine.

LC-MS: m/z=518.3 (ES+, M+H).

¹HNMR (DMSO-d₆, 400 MHz) δ 10.27 (s, 1H), 9.07 (s, 1H), 8.10 (s, 1H),7.72 (d, 1H, J=8 Hz), 7.51˜7.46 (m, 3H), 6.92 (d, 1H, J=12 Hz), 6.50(dd, 1H, J=12, 20 Hz), 6.27 (d, 1H, J=20 Hz), 5.27 (d, 1H, J=12 Hz),4.00 (m, 4H), 3.68 (m, 8H).

N-[3-[[2-(2,5,8,11-tetraoxabicyclo[10.4.0]hexadeca-1(12),13,15-trien-14-ylamino)-9H-purin-6-yl]amino]phenyl]propanamide(Compound-8)

Compound-8 was made by hydrogenation of Compound-7 over Pd/C inMethanol.

LC-MS: m/z=520.3 (ES+, M+H).

N-[2-[[2-[4-[3-[(2-ethyl-5,5-dimethyl-1,3-dioxan-2-yl)oxy]propoxy]anilino]-5-fluoro-pyrimidin-4-yl]amino]phenyl]prop-2-enamide(Compound-9)

Compound-9 was made in the same way as described for making Compound-1in Scheme-3, starting from tert-butyl N-(2-aminophenyl)carbamate insteadof tert-butyl (3R)-3-aminopiperidine-1-carboxylate.

LC-MS: m/z=425.3 (ES+, M+H−142 fragmentation).

¹HNMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz) δ 7.93 (d, 1H, J=3 Hz), 7.63 (br s, 1H), 7.53 (brs, 1H), 7.47 (br s, 1H), 7.29 (d, 2H, J=8 Hz), 6.75 (d, 2H, J=8 Hz),6.40 (d, 1H, J=20 Hz), 6.15 (dd, 1H, J=12, 20 Hz), 5.73 (d, 1H, J=12Hz), 4.05 (t, 2H, J=4 hz), 3.79 (d, 2H, J=12 Hz), 3.60 (t, 2H, J=8 Hz),2.10 (m, 2H), 1.75 (q, 2H, J=8 Hz), 1.13 (s, 3H), 0.97 (t, 3H, J=8 Hz),0.51 (s, 3H).

N-[2-[[5-fluoro-2-(2,5,8,11-tetraoxabicyclo[10.4.0]hexadeca-1(12),13,15-trien-14-ylamino)pyrimidin-4-yl]amino]phenyl]prop-2-enamide(Compound-10)

Compound-10 was made in the same way as described for making Compound-2in Scheme-4, starting from tert-butyl N-(2-aminophenyl)carbamate insteadof tert-butyl (3R)-3-aminopiperidine-1-carboxylate.

LC-MS: m/z=496.2 (ES+, M+H).

¹HNMR (CD₃OD, 400 MHz) δ 7.96 (s, 1H), 7.71 (d, 1H, J=8 Hz), 7.56 (br d,1H, J=8 Hz), 7.34 (s, 1H), 7.29 (br t, 2H, J=8 Hz), 6.92 (d, 1H, J=12Hz), 6.86 (d, 1H, J=8 Hz), 6.33˜6.39 (m, 2H), 5.77 (d, 1H, J=12 Hz),4.10 (br t, 2H, J=4 Hz), 3.87 (br t, 2H, J=4 Hz), 3.78 (s, 4H), 3.75 (s,4H).

N-[2-[[2-(2,5,8,11-tetraoxabicyclo[10.4.0]hexadeca-1(12),13,15-trien-14-ylamino)-9H-purin-6-yl]amino]phenyl]prop-2-enamide(Compound-11)

Compound-11 was made in the same way as described for making Compound-3in Scheme-5, starting from tert-butyl N-(2-aminophenyl)carbamate insteadof tert-butyl (3R)-3-aminopiperidine-1-carboxylate.

LC-MS: m/z=518.2 (ES+, M+H).

¹HNMR (DMSO-d₆, 400 MHz) δ 12.6 (s, 1H), 10.11 (s, 1H), 8.81 (s, 1H),8.76 (s, 1H), 7.92 (d, 1H, J=8 Hz), 7.50 (d, 1H, J=8 Hz), 7.25 (m, 2H),6.86 (d, 1H, J=12 Hz), 6.56 (s, 1H), 6.41 (dd, 1H, J=12, 20 Hz), 6.25(d, 1H, J=20 Hz), 5.80 (dd, 1H, J=4, 12 Hz), 4.00 (br s, 2H), 3.89 (brs, 2H), 3.68 (m, 8H).

N-[2-[[2-(2,5,8,11-tetraoxabicyclo[10.4.0]hexadeca-1(12),13,15-trien-14-ylamino)-9H-purin-6-yl]amino]phenyl]propanamide(Compound-12)

Compound-12 was made by hydrogenation of Compound-11 over 10% Pd/C inMeOH. Compound-12 can also be made in the same way as described formaking Compound-11 by carrying out propanation instead of acryloylation.

LC-MS: m/z=520.2 (ES+, M+H).

2-amino-N-methoxy-benzamide (I-3)

At 0 C, 10 mL of 2 M NaOH aqueous solution was added into 25%O-methylhydroxylamine (1640 mg, 19.6 mmol, 3.2 eq.) aqueous solution.After stirring for 30 min, 1H-3,1-benzoxazine-2,4-dione (994 mg, 6.1mmol, 1 eq.) was added in several portions. The reaction was thenstirred at r.t. for 3 hr. The desired product was extracted by ethylacetate, and titurated with ethyl ether, giving browny solid (600 mg,60%).

4,6-dichloro-1-tetrahydropyran-2-yl-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine (I-4)

To a mixture of 4,6-dichloro-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine (200 mg, 1.06mmol, 1.0 eq) and p-tosyl acid (20.1 mg, 0.106 mmol, 0.1 eq) in 3 mL ofTHF and 3 mL of DCM, was added 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran (134 mg, 1.6 mmol,1.5 eq). The mixture was stirred at r.t. for 1 hr., until TLC showed thecomplete reaction. The reaction mixture was concentrated, thenre-dissolved in 10 mL of DCM, washed with saturated NaHCO₃, water, andbrine. The organic layer was dried and concentrated, giving desireintermediate I-4 as white solid (287 mg, 100%).

N-[3-(aminomethyl)-2-pyridyl]-N-methyl-methanesulfonamide (I-5)

To N-methylmethanesulfonamide (2.18 g, 20 mmol, 1.0 eq) in 20 mL of DMF,was added t-BuOK (2.24 g, 20 mmol, 1.0 eq.). After stirring at r.t. for30 min., 2-fluoro-3-cyano-pyridine (2.44 g, 20 mmol, 1.0 eq) was addedin one portion, and the resulting mixture was heated to 80° C. for 2 hr.(TLC showed the complete reaction). The reaction mixture was poured onice and extracted with ethyl acetate. The dried organic layer wasconcentrated, and purified by column chromatography on silica gel withpetroleum ether/ethyl acetate (v/v 1/1) as eluent, givingN-(3-cyano-2-pyridyl)-N-methyl-methanesulfonamide (4.0 g, 93%).

4.0 g of nitrile was hydrogenated in methanol over 10% Pd/C overnight.TLC showed two products with m/z=216 and 413. The products were purifiedby column chromatography on silica gel using DCM/MeOH=10/1 as eluent,giving desired I-5 (3.0 g, 73%).

N-[(1R,2R)-2-hydroxycyclohexyl]-N-methyl-methanesulfonamide (I-6)

To the mixture of (1R,2R)-2-aminocyclohexanol (3.02 g, 20 mmol), TEA(8.5 ml, 60 mmol) and DMAP (0.75 g, 6.0 mmol), in 30 mL of DCM, wasadded TBSCl (4.5 g, 30 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirredovernight. After washing with water, the organic layer was dried overMgSO₄. After filtration and concentration, the residue was used directlyin the following step.

With ice-bath, to the TBS-ether obtained above, was added triethylamine(4.6 mL, 34.2 mmol) in 20 mL of DCM, followed by MsCl (1.0 ml, 13.7mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at r.t. overnight. After regularaqueous workup, the concentrated crude product was purified by columnchromatography on silica gel with p giving etroleum ether/ethyl acetate(v/v8/1)N-[(1R,2R)-2-[tert-butyl(dimethyl)silyl]oxycyclohexyl]methanesulfonamide(3.0 g, 2-step overall 49% yield).

To the mixture of sulfonamide obtained above (1.5 g, 4.9 mmol) andcesium carbonate (3.19 g, 9.8 mmol) in 10 mL of DMF, was addediodomethane (0.37 mL, 5.88 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred atr.t. overnight. The reaction mixture was poured into water, and theproduct was extracted with ethyl acetate. After drying andconcentration, the product was purified by column chromatography onsilica gel (DCM/MeOH 50/1→30/1) giving N-Me-sulfonamide 1.56 g (97%).

Final deprotection of TBS group was done by reacting the N-M-sulfonamidewith TBAF (1.5 equiv), giving desired alcohol I-6 (660 mg, 66%).

N-[(1R,2R)-2-hydroxycyclopentyl]-N-methyl-methanesulfonamide (I-7)

Intermediate I-7 was prepared in the same way as for I-6 shown in Scheme8, except by using (1R,2R)-2-aminocyclopentanol hydrochloride asstarting material instead of (1R,2R)-2-aminocyclohexanol.

N-[2-[[2-(2,5,8,11-tetraoxabicyclo[10.4.0]hexadeca-1(12),13,15-trien-14-ylamino)-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-yl]amino]phenyl]propanamide(Compound-13)

The synthetic schedule for Compound-13 is shown in Scheme 10, which issimilar to the synthesis of Compound-3 in Scheme 5 except by using2,4-dichloropyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-7-yl)methyl 2,2-dimethylpropanoateas starting material instead of 2,6-dichloro-9H-purine and the finalstep is propanoylation, rather than acryloylation.

LC-MS: m/z=518.9 (ES+, M+H).

¹HNMR (DMSO-d₆, 400 MHz) δ 10.17 (s, 1H), 9.74 (s, 1H), 8.64 (s, 1H),7.72 (s, 1H), 7.56 (s, 2H), 7.18 (m, t, J=9˜12 Hz), 6.30 (s, 1H), 4.01(br s, 2H), 3.92 (br s, 2H), 3.68 (m, 8H), 2.30 (q, 2H, J=6 Hz), 1.03(t, 3H, J=6 Hz).

N-[2-[[6-(2,5,8,11-tetraoxabicyclo[10.4.0]hexadeca-1(12),13,15-trien-14-ylamino)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4-yl]amino]phenyl]propanamide(Compound-14)

The synthetic schedule for Compound-14 is shown in Scheme 11, which issimilar to the synthesis of Compound-13 in Scheme 10 except by using4,6-dichloro-1-tetrahydropyran-2-yl-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine (I-4) asstarting material instead of 2,4-dichloropyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-7-yl)methyl 2,2-dimethylpropanoate.

LC-MS: m/z=519.9 (ES+, M+H).

¹HNMR (DMSO-d₆, 400 MHz) δ 12.9 (s, 1H), 9.58 (s, 1H), 9.18 (s, 1H),7.71-7.64 (m, 3H), 7.63 (s, 1H), 7.26 (m, 3H), 6.87 (s, 1H), 4.03 (br s,2H), 3.96 (br s, 2H), 3.64˜3.72 (m, 8H), 2.30 (q, 2H, J=6 Hz), 1.03 (t,3H, J=6 Hz).

N-methoxy-2-[[6-(2,5,8,11-tetraoxabicyclo[10.4.0]hexadeca-1(16),12,14-trien-14-ylamino)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4-yl]amino]benzamide(Compound-15)

Compound-15 was made in the same way as described for Compound-14 inScheme 11, starting from intermediates I-3 and I-4.

LC-MS: m/z=521.9 (ES+, M+H).

¹HNMR (DMSO-d₆, 400 MHz) δ 13.91 (s, 1H), 11.23 (s, 1H), 10.91 (s, 1H),8.91 (br s, 1H), 8.78 (br s, 1H), 8.05 (d, 1H, J=6.0 Hz), 7.73 (t, 1H,J=6 Hz), 7.44 (t, 1H, J=5.6 Hz), 7.14 (dd, 1H, J=1.6, 6.8 Hz), 7.05 (d,1H, J=1.6 Hz), 4.081 (br s, 2H), 4.03 (br s, 2H), 4.01 (s, 3H), 3.70 (s,2H), 3.61 (br s, 4H), 3.59 (s, 2H).

N-methyl-N-[(1R,2R)-2-[[2-(2,5,8,11-tetraoxabicyclo[10.4.0]hexadeca-1(16),12,14-trien-14-ylamino)-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-yl]oxy]cyclohexyl]methanesulfonamide(Compound-16)

Compound-16 was made in the same way as described for Compound-13 inScheme 10, starting from intermediate I-6 instead of tert-butylN-(2-aminophenyl)carbamate.

LC-MS: m/z=561.9 (ES+, M+H).

¹HNMR (DMSO-d₆, 400 MHz) δ 11.41 (s, 1H), 8.93 (s, 1H), 7.57 (s, 1H),7.32 (d, 1H, J=6.0 Hz), 6.95 (d, 2H, J=5.6 Hz), 6.25 (s, 1H), 5.37 (brs, 1H), 4.10 (br s, 2H), 4.01 (br s, 2H), 3.93 (br s, 2H), 3.91 (br s,2H), 3.78 (m, 6H), 2.84 (s, 3H), 2.51 (s, 3H), 2.29 (br s, 1H), 1.75 (m5H), 1.07-1.40 (m, 5H).

N-methyl-N-[(1R,2R)-2-[[6-(2,5,8,11-tetraoxabicyclo[10.4.0]hexadeca-1(16),12,14-trien-14-ylamino)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4-yl]oxy]cyclohexyl]methanesulfonamide(Compound-17)

Compound-17 was made in the same way as described for Compound-15 inScheme 11, starting from intermediate I-6 instead of tert-butylN-(2-aminophenyl)carbamate.

LC-MS: m/z=562.9 (ES+, M+H).

¹HNMR (DMSO-d₆, 400 MHz) δ 13.20 (s, 1H), 9.36 (s, 1H), 7.82 (s, 1H),7.55 (s, 1H), 7.35 (d, 1H, J=5.6 Hz), 6.98 (d, 1H, J=6.8 Hz), 5.41 (m,1H), 4.16 (br s, 2H), 4.07 (br s, 2H), 3.90 (m, 1H), 3.77 (s, 2H), 3.71(br s, 2H), 3.65 (s, 4H). 2.86 (s, 3H), 2.68 (s, 3H), 2.28 (m, 1H), 1.78(m, 3H), 1.25˜1.75 (m, 4H).

N-methyl-N-[2-[[2-(2,5,8,11-tetraoxabicyclo[10.4.0]hexadeca-](16),12,14-trien-14-ylamino)-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-yl]oxy]cyclopentyl]methanesulfonamide(Compound-18)

The title compound (Compound-18) was made in the same way as describedfor Compound-16 starting from intermediate I-7 instead of I-6.

LC-MS: m/z=547.9 (ES+, M+H).

¹HNMR (DMSO-d₆, 400 MHz) δ 11.51 (s, 1H), 8.90 (s, 1H), 7.58 (d, 1H,=3.2 Hz), 7.32 (d, 1H, J=6.0 Hz), 6.95 (m, 2H), 6.21 (br s, 1H), 5.37(br s, 1H), 4.07 (br s, 2H), 4.01 (br s, 2H), 3.55˜3.75 (m, 6H), 2.84(s, 3H), 2.75 (s, 3H), 2.29 (br s, 1H), 1.96 (m, 1H), 1.72 (m, 4H).

N-methyl-N-[(1R,2R)-2-[[6-(2,5,8,11-tetraoxabicyclo[10.4.0]hexadeca-1(16),12,14-trien-14-ylamino)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4-yl]oxy]cyclopentyl]methanesulfonamide(Compound-19)

Compound-19 was made in the same way as described for Compound-16starting from intermediate I-7 instead of I-6.

LC-MS: m/z=548.9 (ES+, M+H).

¹HNMR (DMSO-d₆, 400 MHz) δ 9.31 (s, 1H), 7.82 (s, 1H), 7.52 (s, 1H),7.28 (d, 1H, =8.8 Hz), 5.54 (t, 1H, J=3.6 Hz), 4.36 (m, 1H), 4.06 (br s,2H), 4.02 (br s, 2H), 3.71 (br s, 2H), 3.65 (br s, 2H), 3.60 (s, 4H),2.84 (s, 3H), 2.73 (s, 3H), 2.29 (m, 1H), 1.96 (m, 1H), 1.72 (m, 4H).

N-methyl-N-[4-[[[2-(2,5,8,11-tetraoxabicyclo[10.4.0]hexadeca-1(16),12,14-trien-14-ylamino)-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-yl]amino]methyl]-3-pyridyl]methanesulfonamide(Compound-20)

Compound-20 was made in the same way as described for Compound-16starting from intermediate I-5 instead of I-6.

LC-MS: m/z=569.9 (ES+, M+H).

¹HNMR (DMSO-d₆, 400 MHz) δ 11.0 (s, 1H), 8.45 (s, 1H), 8.43 (s, 1H),7.82 (d, 1H, =3.2 Hz), 7.75 (br t, 1H), 7.50 (s, 1H), 7.45 (d, 1H, J=6.0Hz), 7.23 (d, 1H, J=6.0 Hz), 6.80 (s, 1H), 6.75 (s, 1H), 6.45 (s, 1H),4.78 (s, 2H) 4.00 (br s, 2H), 3.95 (br s, 2H), 3.60˜3.70 (m, 8H), 3.23(s, 3H), 3.15 (s, 3H).

Synthesis ofN-methyl-N-[4-[[[6-(2,5,8,11-tetraoxabicyclo[10.4.0]hexadeca-1(16),12,14-trien-]4-ylamino)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4-yl]amino]methyl]-3-pyridyl]methanesulfonamide(Compound-21)

Compound-21 was made in the same way as described for Compound-15 inScheme 11, starting from intermediate I-5 instead of tert-butylN-(2-aminophenyl)carbamate.

LC-MS: m/z=570.9 (ES+, M+H).

¹HNMR (DMSO-d₆, 400 MHz) δ 10.02 (br s, 1H), 8.49 (d, 1H, =8 Hz), 7.86(d, 1H, J=8 Hz), 7.43 (dd, 1H, J=8, 10 Hz), 7.25 (s, 1H), 6.97 (m, 2H),4.86 (d, 2H, J=6 Hz), 4.05 (br s, 2H), 3.93 (br s, 2H), 3.60˜3.70 (m,8H), 3.17 (s, 3H), 3.13 (s, 3H).

Synthesis ofN6-(1H-indol-4-yl)-N2-(2,5,8,11-tetraoxabicyclo[10.4.0]hexadeca-1(12),13,15-trien-14-yl)-9H-purine-2,6-diamine(Compound-22)

Compound-22 was made in the same way as described in Scheme 5 startingfrom 1H-indol-4-amine.

LC-MS: m/z=487.9 (ES+, M+H).

¹HNMR (DMSO-d₆, 400 MHz) δ 12.60 (s, 1H), 11.14 (s, 1H), 8.87 (s, 1H),8.77 (s, 1H), 7.98 (d, 1H, =4 Hz), 7.69 (s, 1H), 7.52 (s, 1H), 7.29 (s,1H), 7.24 (d, 1H, J=8 Hz), 7.20 (d, 1H, J=8 Hz), 6.82 (d, 1H, J=8 Hz),6.54 (s, 1H), 6.42 (m, 1H), 4.00 (br s, 2H), 3.81 (br s, 2H), 3.62˜3.67(br d, 8H).

Synthesis ofN6-(1H-indol-7-vi)-N2-(2,5,8,11-tetraoxabicyclo[10.4.0]hexadeca-1(12),13,15-trien-14-yl)-9H-purine-2,6-diamine(Compound-23)

Compound-23 was made in the same way as described in Scheme-5 startingfrom 1H-indol-7-amine.

LC-MS: m/z=487.9 (ES+, M+H).

¹HNMR (DMSO-d₆, 400 MHz) δ 11.20 (s, 1H), 9.23 (s, 1H), 8.68 (s, 1H),7.94 (s, 1H), 7.70 (t, 1H, =4 Hz), 7.46 (s, 1H), 7.32 (d, 1H, J=8 Hz),7.28 (d, 1H, J=4 Hz), 6.99 (d, 1H, J=8 Hz), 6.76 (d, 1H, J=8 Hz), 6.45(s, 1H), 4.00 (br s, 2H), 3.82 (br s, 2H), 3.62˜3.67 (m, 8H).

Synthesis ofN-methyl-N-[(1R,2R)-2-[2-(2,5,8,11-tetraoxabicyclo[10.4.0]hexadeca-1(12),13,15-trien-14-ylamino)thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-yl]oxycyclopentyl]methanesulfonamide(Compound-24)

The title compound (Compound-24) was made in the same way as describedfor Compound-18 starting from 2,4-dichlorothieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine andkey intermediates I-5.

LC-MS: m/z=564.9 (ES+, M+H).

¹HNMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz) δ 7.44 (s, 1H), 7.15 (d, 1H, =4 Hz), 7.11 (d, 1H,J=8 Hz), 6.96 (m, 3H), 5.51 (m, 1H), 4.56 (q, 1H, J=8 Hz), 4.22 (br s,2H), 4.18 (br s, 2H), 3.90 (br s, 2H), 3.85 (br s, 2H), 3.81 (s, 4H),2.85 (s, 3H), 2.79 (s, 3H), 2.31 (m, 1H), 2.02 (m, 1H), 1.80 (m, 4H).

N-[5-methyl-2-[[6-(2,5,8,11-tetraoxabicyclo[10.4.0]hexadeca-1(12),13,15-trien-14-ylamino)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4-yl]amino]phenyl]prop-2-enamide(Compound-26)

The title compound was prepared in the same way as described in Scheme11 by using N-(2-aminophenyl)propanamide in the Cl-displacement stepreacting with4,6-dichloro-1-tetrahydropyran-2-yl-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine, followedby Pd-mediated aryl amination with2,5,8,11-tetraoxabicyclo[10.4.0]hexadeca-1(16),12,14-trien-14-amine.

The title compound was prepared in the same way as described in Scheme11 by using tert-butyl N-(2-amino-5-methyl-phenyl)carbamate in theCl-displacement step reacting with4,6-dichloro-1-tetrahydropyran-2-yl-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine, followedby Pd-mediated aryl amination with2-[2-(4-amino-2-methoxy-phenoxy)ethoxy]ethanol, and final acryloylationafter Boc-deprotection.

LC-MS: m/z 532.2 (ES+, M+H).

HNMR (DMSO-d6, 300 MHz) δ 9.86 (s, 1H), 9.72 (s, 1H), 9.21 (s, 1H), 8.87(s, 1H), 7.59 (s, 1H), 7.50 (s, 1H), 7.44 (d, 1H, J=6 Hz), 7.21 (br s,1H), 7.02 (t, 1H, J=6 Hz), 6.82 (d, 1H, J=6 Hz), 6.44 (dd, 1H, J=6, 12Hz), 6.18 (d, 1H, J=12 Hz), 5.68 (m, 1H), 3.99 (d, 2H, J=6 Hz), 3.90 (brs, 1H), 3.67 (s, 2H), 3.64 (s, 2H), 3.59 (s, 4H), 2.31 (s, 3H).

N-[5-methyl-2-[[2-(2,5,8,11-tetraoxabicyclo[10.4.0]hexadeca-1(12),13,15-trien-14-ylamino)-9H-purin-6-yl]amino]phenyl]acetamide(Compound-27)

The title compound was prepared in the same way as describes in Scheme11 by using N-(2-amino-5-methyl-phenyl)acetamid in the Cl-displacementstep reacting with (2,6-dichloropurin-9-yl)methyl2,2-dimethylpropanoate, followed by Pd-mediated aryl amination with2,5,8,11-tetraoxabicyclo[10.4.0]hexadeca-1(16),12,14-trien-14-amine.

LC-MS: m/z 520.4 (ES+, M+H).

HNMR (DMSO-d6, 300 MHz) δ 9.82 (s, 1H), 8.72 (s, 1H), 8.56 (s, 1H), 7.86(s, 1H), 7.71 (d, 1H, J=6 Hz), 7.48 (d, 1H, J=6 Hz), 7.19 (m, 2H), 7.00(d, 1H, J=6 Hz), 6.82 (d, 1H, J=6 Hz), 3.98 (d, 2H, J=6 Hz), 3.90 (br s,1H), 3.67 (s, 2H), 3.64 (s, 2H), 3.59 (s, 4H), 2.27 (s, 3H), 2.01 (s,3H).

N-[5-fluoro-2-[[2-(2,5,8,11-tetraoxabicyclo[10.4.0]hexadeca-1(12),13,15-trien-14-ylamino)-9H-purin-6-yl]amino]phenyl]acetamide(Compound-28)

The title compound was prepared in the same way as describe in Scheme 11by using N-(2-amino-5-fluoro-phenyl)acetamide in the Cl-displacementstep reacting with (2,6-dichloropurin-9-yl)methyl2,2-dimethylpropanoate, followed by Pd-mediated aryl amination with2,5,8,11-tetraoxabicyclo[10.4.0]hexadeca-1(16),12,14-trien-14-amine.

LC-MS: m/z 524.4 (ES+, M+H).

HNMR (DMSO-d6, 300 MHz) δ 9.85 (s, 1H), 8.91 (s, 1H), 8.60 (s, 1H), 7.99(d, 1H, J=6 Hz), 7.91 (s, 1H), 7.44 (d, 1H, J=3 Hz), 7.31 (m, 2H), 6.92(m, 1H), 6.85 (d, 1H, J=6 Hz), 3.98 (d, 2H, J=6 Hz), 3.90 (br s, 1H),3.67 (s, 2H), 3.64 (s, 2H), 3.59 (s, 4H), 2.05 (s, 3H).

N-[2-[[2-(2,5,8,11-tetraoxabicyclo[10.4.0]hexadeca-1(12),13,15-trien-14-ylamino)-9H-purin-6-yl]amino]-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]acetamide(Compound 29)

The title compound was prepared in the same way as described in Scheme11 by using N-[2-amino-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]acetamide in theCl-displacement step reacting with (2,6-dichloropurin-9-yl)methyl2,2-dimethylpropanoate, followed by Pd-mediated aryl amination with2,5,8,11-tetraoxabicyclo[10.4.0]hexadeca-1(16),12,14-trien-14-amine.

LC-MS: m/z 574.4 (ES+, M+H).

HNMR (DMSO-d6, 300 MHz) δ 9.85 (s, 1H), 8.91 (s, 1H), 8.60 (s, 1H), 7.99(d, 1H, J=6 Hz), 7.91 (s, 1H), 7.44 (d, 1H, J=3 Hz), 7.31 (m, 2H), 6.92(m, 1H), 6.85 (d, 1H, J=6 Hz), 3.98 (d, 2H, J=6 Hz), 3.90 (br s, 1H),3.67 (s, 2H), 3.64 (s, 2H), 3.59 (s, 4H), 2.05 (s, 3H).

N-[3-[5-fluoro-2-(2,5,8,11-tetraoxabicyclo[10.4.0]hexadeca-1(12),13,15-trien-14-ylamino)pyrimidin-4-yl]phenyl]prop-2-enamide(Compound-30)

The title compound was made through Suzuki reaction of(3-aminophenyl)boronic acid with 2,4-dichloro-5-F-pyrimidine, followedby acryloylation and Pd-mediated aryl amination with2,5,8,11-tetraoxabicyclo[10.4.0]hexadeca-1(16),12,14-trien-14-amine.

LC-MS: m/z 481.2 (ES+, M+H).

HNMR (DMSO-d6, 300 MHz) δ 10.30 (s, 1H), 9.60 (s, 1H), 8.58 (s, 1H),8.39 (s, 1H), 7.79 (d, 1H, J=6 Hz), 7.71 (d, 1H, J=6 Hz), 7.58 (s, 1H),7.51 (t, 1H, J=6 Hz), 7.24 (d, 1H, J=6 Hz), 6.94 (d, 1H, J=6 Hz), 6.44(dd, 1H, J=6, 12 Hz), 6.24 (d, 1H, J=12 Hz), 5.75 (m, 1H), 3.99 (d, 2H,J=6 Hz), 3.90 (br s, 1H), 3.67 (s, 2H), 3.64 (s, 2H), 3.59 (s, 4H).

N-methyl-N-[(1R,2R)-2-[[2-(2,5,8,11-tetraoxabicyclo[10.4.0]hexadeca-1(12),13,15-trien-14-ylamino)-9H-purin-6-yl]oxy]indan-1-yl]methanesulfonamide(Compound-31)

The title compound was prepared in the same way as described in Scheme 5by using N-[(1R,2R)-2-hydroxyindan-1-yl]-N-methyl-methanesulfonamide inthe Cl-displacement step reacting with (2,6-dichloropurin-9-yl)methyl2,2-dimethylpropanoate in the presence of cesium carbonate in dioxane,followed by Pd-mediated aryl amination with2,5,8,11-tetraoxabicyclo[10.4.0]hexadeca-1(16),12,14-trien-14-amine.

LC-MS. m/z 597.2 (ES+, M+H).

HNMR (DMSO-d6, 300 MHz) δ 12.72 (s, 1H), 9.19 (s, 1H), 7.96 (s, 1H),7.57 (s, 1H), 7.32 (m, 3H), 7.17 (m, 2H), 6.90 (d, 1H, J=6 Hz), 5.83 (m,1H), 5.61 (d, 1H, J=6 Hz), 3.98 (d, 2H, J=6 Hz), 3.90 (br s, 1H), 3.67(s, 2H), 3.64 (s, 2H), 3.59 (s, 4H), 3.03 (s, 3H), 2.62 (s, 3H).

N-methyl-N-[(1R,2R)-2-[[2-(2,5,8,11-tetraoxabicyclo[10.4.0]hexadeca-1(12),13,15-trien-14-ylamino)-5-(trifluoromethyl)-4-pyridyl]oxy]indan-1-yl]methanesulfonamide(Compound-32)

The title compound was made through iodo-displacement of2-chloro-4-iodo-5-(trifluoromethyl) pyridine byN-[(1R,2R)-2-hydroxyindan-1-yl]-N-methyl-methanesulfonamide in thepresence of sodium hydride in dioxane, followed by Pd-mediated arylamination with2,5,8,11-tetraoxabicyclo[10.4.0]hexadeca-1(16),12,14-trien-14-amine.

LC-MS: m/z 624.4 (ES+, M+H).

HNMR (DMSO-d6, 300 MHz) δ 9.25 (s, 1H), 8.22 (s, 1H), 7.32 (m, 4H), 7.23(m, 1H), 7.09 (m, 1H), 6.95 (d, 1H, J=6 Hz), 6.57 (s, 1H), 5.53 (d, 1H,J=6 Hz), 5.30 (m, 1H), 3.98 (d, 2H, J=6 Hz), 3.90 (br s, 1H), 3.67 (s,2H), 3.64 (s, 2H), 3.59 (s, 4H), 2.97 (s, 3H), 2.59 (s, 3H).

Example 1. Inhibitive Activities Against BTK Wt, BTK(C481S), BMX, FAK,ITK, EGFR Wt Kinases

The inhibiting activities of each of Compound-1 to Compound-24 againstBTK wt, BTK(C481S), BMX, FAK, ITK, and EGFR wt kinases were determinedusing ³³P ATP “HotSpot” kinase assay platform. (See, e.g., Ma, et al,2008 Expert Opin Drug Discov. 3(6): 607-621.)

Each of Compound-1 to Compound-24 were prepared as 10 mM DMSO solution,and then 1:3 serially diluted to a concentration of 1 μM to 0.05 nM.Then, Kinase assays were performed using the “HotSpot” assay platform.

Briefly, specific kinase/substrate pairs along with required cofactorswere prepared in reaction buffer; 20 mM Hepes pH 7.5, 10 mM MgCl₂, 1 mMEGTA, 0.02% Brij35, 0.02 mg/ml BSA, 0.1 mM Na₃VO₄, 2 mM DTT, 1% DMSO.Compounds were delivered into the reaction, followed about 20 minuteslater by addition of a mixture of ATP (Sigma, St. Louis Mo.) and ³³P ATP(Perkin Elmer, Waltham Mass.) to a final concentration of 10 μM.

Reactions were carried out at room temperature for 120 min, followed byspotting of the reactions onto P81 ion exchange filter paper (WhatmanInc., Piscataway, N.J.). Unbound phosphate was removed by extensivewashing of filters in 0.75% phosphoric acid. After subtraction ofbackground derived from control reactions containing inactive enzyme,kinase activity data was expressed as the percent remaining kinaseactivity in test samples compared to vehicle (dimethyl sulfoxide)reactions. IC₅₀ values and curve fits were obtained using Prism(GraphPad Software).

The results are shown in Table 2.

TABLE 2 Inhibitory Activities IC₅₀ (nm) of Exemplary Compounds CompoundNo. BMX BTK BTK (C481S) EGFR FAK ITK 1 <100 nM 100.00 >100 nM >100nM >100 nM 2 8.46 73.37 >>1000  >>1000     >>1000    3 1.693.17 >1000       345.20 1236.00   39.56 4 19.55  143.90 >>1000  1150.00 1450.00 5 <100 nM <100 nM >100 nM >100 nM <100 nM 6 <100 nM <100nM >1000       732.00 >1000     <100 nM 7 0.41 0.65 323.5;     207.60274.30    1.35 675.0  8 46.37  88.79 >>1000  1130.00  1290.00 9 >100nM >100 nM >100 nM >100 nM >100 nM 10 >100 nM <100 nM >100 nM >100nM >100 nM 11 1.21 2.33   9.88;    1904.00 17.40  270.30  4.46 12 2.704.36 14.1 >>1000  24.58  447.40 13 >1000    57.53 14 108.70 192.40  15378.90 381.70  16 >1000 >1000    >1000 34.92 17 219.70 77.6418 >1000 >1000    >1000 12.69 19 68.19 118.80 >1000 13.4520 >1000 >>1000     >1000 29.35 21 130.10 156.40  22 21.35 128.20 >100042.35 23 62.77 341.50 >1000 257.40  26 33.31  88.59 845    27 16.77 86.69 98.81 28 9.37  31.50 83.40 29 67.10 155.00 211.00  30613.40 >1000    >1000     31 198.00 345.00 377.30  32 >10000 >1000    4.96

Example 2. Inhibitive Activities Against BTK Wt, BTK(C481S), EGFR WtKinases

TABLE 3 Inhibitory Activities against BTK wt, BTK(C481S), EGFR IC₅₀ (nM)Compound No. BTK BTK(C481S) EGFR 1 100.00  >100 2 73.37 >>1000 33.17 >1000     345.20 4 143.90 >>1000 5 <100  >100 6 <100 >1000    732.00 7 0.65 675.00     207.60 8 88.79 >>1000 10 <100  >100 11 2.339.88 >>1000 12 4.36 14.1 >>1000 14 108.70 15 378.90 17 219.70 19 68.19118.80  >1000 21 130.10 22 21.35 128.20  >1000 23 62.77 341.50  >1000 2633.31 88.59 27 16.77 86.69 28 9.37 31.50 29 67.10 155.00 30 613.40 >100031 198.00 345.00 32 >10000 >1000

As shown in Table 3, many compounds showed an excellent inhibitionactivity against BTK and BTK(C481S) mutant having a resistance to thecommercially marketable BTK inhibitor Ibrutinib (IC₅₀=A, <50 nM), whileit showed a relatively low inhibition activity against EGFR WT relatedwith the adverse effects (IC₅₀=C or D). Like the results from Example 1,such inhibitory mechanisms of the compounds are very different fromthose of the commercially marketable BTK tyrosine kinase inhibitorIbrutinib. Therefore, the compounds are potentially effective and safedrug for cancer patients by showing an effectively excellent inhibitionactivity against BTK and BTK mutant (C481S) with no inhibition activityagainst EGFR WT expressed in normal cells.

Example 3. Inhibitive Activities Against FAK Kinase

The inhibiting activities of certain compounds of Compound-1 toCompound-32 against FAK kinase were determined, respectively. Theprocedure of kinase assay was the same as described above, except thatFAK kinase were used. The results are shown in Table 4.

TABLE 4 Inhibitory Activities against FAK Compound No. IC₅₀(nM) - FAK 7274.30 11 17.40 12 24.58 13 57.53 14 192.40 15 381.70 16 34.92 17 77.6418 12.69 19 13.45 20 29.35 21 156.40 22 42.35 23 257.40 24 1127.00 26845 27 98.81 28 83.40 29 211.00 30 >1000 31 377.30 32 4.96

As shown in Table 4 and FIG. 6 , the compounds showed inhibitoryactivity against FAK kinase.

Example 4. Inhibitive Activities Against BTK, BTK(C481S) and FAK Kinases

Certain compounds of Compound-1 to Compound-32 were measured for itsinhibitory activity on BTK, BTK(C481S) and FAK. The measurement wascarried out in the same process as described above, BTK, BTK(C481S) andFAK enzymes were used. The results are shown in Table 5.

TABLE 5 Inhibitory Activities against BTK, BTK(C481S), FAK IC₅₀ (nM)Compound No. BTK BTK(C481S) FAK EGFR 7 0.65 675.00 274.30 207.60 11 2.339.88 17.40 1904.00 12 4.36 14.1 24.58 >1000 13 >1000 57.53 14 108.70192.40 15 378.90 381.70 16 >1000 >1000 34.92 >1000 17 219.70 77.6418 >1000 >1000 12.69 >1000 19 68.19 118.80 13.45 >1000 20 >1000 >100029.35 >1000 21 130.10 156.40 22 21.35 128.20 42.35 >1000 23 62.77 341.50257.40 >1000 26 33.31 88.59 845 27 16.77 86.69 98.81 28 9.37 31.50 83.4029 67.10 155.00 211.00 30 613.40 >1000 >1000 31 198.00 345.00 377.3032 >10000 >1000 4.96

As shown in Table 5, certain compounds of Compound-1 to Compound-24effectively inhibited BTK, BTK(C481S), FAK kinases, but not EGFR wt. Asshown in FIGS. 2, 3 and 6 , certain compounds of Compound-1 toCompound-24 effectively inhibited BTK(FIG. 2 ), BTK(C481S) (FIG. 3 ),FAK (FIG. 6 ) kinases.

Example 5. Inhibitory Activities Against BMX and ITK Kinases

Each of Compound-1 to Compound-24 was measured for its inhibitoryactivity on TEC family kinases, BMX and ITK. The measurement was carriedout in the same process as described above, BMX, ITK enzymes were used.The results are shown in Table 6.

TABLE 6 Inhibitory Activities against BMX and ITK IC₅₀ (nM) Compound No.BMX ITK 1 <100 >100 2 8.46 >1000 3 1.69 39.56 4 19.55 1450.00 5 <100<100 6 <100 <100 7 0.41 1.35 8 46.37 1290.00 11 1.21 270.30 12 2.70447.40

As shown in Table 6, certain compounds of Compound-1 to Compound-24according to the present invention effectively inhibited TEC familykinases such as BMX and ITK kinases. As shown in FIGS. 4 and 5 , Certaincompounds of Compound-1 to Compound-24 effectively inhibited TEC familykinases such as BMX (FIG. 4 ) and ITK (FIG. 5 ) kinases.

Example 6. Inhibitory Activities Against ERK Kinase

Certain compounds of Compound-1 to Compound-24 were measured for itsinhibitory activity on ERK1 kinase. The measurement was carried out inthe same process as described above, ERK enzyme was used. The resultsare shown in Table 7.

TABLE 7 Inhibitory Activities against ERK Compound No. IC₅₀ (nM) - ERK111 6.23 12 713.7

As shown in Table 7 and FIG. 7 , certain compounds of Compound-1 toCompound-24 according to the present invention effectively inhibitedERK1 kinase.

Example 7. Inhibitory Activities Against BTK in Cells ImmunoblotAnalysis of Phospho-BTK(Y223)

Ramos cells were cultured in RPMI-1640 medium with 10% fetal bovineserum (FBS) and 1% penicillin/streptomycin (Gibco BRL). Before theassay, Ramos cells were counted and seeded at 1×10⁶ cells/mL, culturedovernight in RPMI-1640 medium with 10% FBS, the cells were centrifugedat 950 rpm for 10 min., then 1˜2×10⁶ cells were split into each tube in300 μL medium. The cells were treated with certain compounds of Compound1-24 at 0˜3 μM for 1 hr. in 37° C., then the cells were stimulated with10 μg/mL of anti-IgM (BioLegend) for 5 min., followed by 3 min. spin at2000 rpm. After aspirating the supernatant, 60 μL of RIPA lysis buffer(50 mM Tris-HCl, 1 mM EDTA, 1% NP-40, 0.5% sodium deoxycholate, and 0.1%SDS, pH 7.4, 150 mM NaCl, 1 mM Na₃VO₄) was added to the cell pellet tolyse the cells on ice for 30 min. After spin at 10,000 rpm for 5 min.,60 μL of the cell lysate was transferred to a fresh tube, and 20 μL of4×LDS buffer was added to the tube. The samples were boiled on a 100° C.heat block for 10 min. 25 μL lysate was loaded on to SDS-PAGE gel(NuPAGE™ Novex™ 4-12% Bis-Tris Midi Protein Gels, cat. no. WG1402BOX,ThermoFisher) for western blotting analysis per the manufacturer'sinstructions. Antibodies used for immunoblot analysis include Btk andp-Btk(Y223) (cat. no. 3553 and 5082; Cell Signaling Technology, Beverly,Mass.). p-Btk(Y223) (cat. no. GTX61791; GeneTex, Inc., Irvine, Calif.).Membranes were detected using infrared fluorescence dye (IRDye® 800CWDonkey anti-Rabbit IgG (H+L), cat. no. P/N 925-32213; IRDye® 680RDDonkey anti-Mouse IgG (H+L), cat. no. P/N 925-68072 and scanned on aLiCor Odyssey scanner (LiCor Biosciences, Lincoln, NB).

EC₅₀, the concentration at which 50% inhibition occurs, was evaluatedbased on the phospho-BTK(Y223) signal difference in the cell lysatesbetween the cells treated with the test compound and not-treated whichwas regarded as 100%. EC₅₀ results are shown in Table 8, wherein A meansthat EC₅₀<100 nM, B means that EC₅₀ is 100-1,000 nM.

TABLE 8 Inhibitory Activity against BTK Compound No. EC₅₀ (nM) 1 B 2 B 3A 5 A 6 A 7 A 8 B 4 B 10 B 11 B 12 B

As shown in Table 8, many compounds showed inhibitory activity againstBTK phosphorylation at tyrosine 223 in Ramos cancer cells.

As shown in FIG. 1 , many compounds showed inhibitory activity againstBTK phosphorylation at tyrosine 223 in Ramos cancer cells.

Example 8. Inhibitory Activity Against FAK in Cells Cell-Based FAK(Y397)Phosphorylation Assay

PC3 cells were cultured in RPMI-1640 medium with 10% fetal bovine serum(FBS) and 1% penicillin/streptomycin (Gibco BRL). Before the assay, PC3cells were counted and seeded at 1-3×10⁶ cells/well in a 6-well plate,cultured overnight in RPMI-1640 medium with 10% FBS. The cells weretreated with certain compounds of Compounds 1-24 at 0˜3 μM for 1 hr. in37° C., then the cells were scraped off, followed by 5 min. spin at 2000rpm. After aspirating the supernatant, 100 L of RIPA lysis buffer (50 mMTris-HCl, 1 mM EDTA, 1% NP-40, 0.5% sodium deoxycholate, and 0.1% SDS,pH 7.4, 150 mM NaCl, 1 mM Na₃VO₄) was added to the cell pellet to lysethe cells on ice for 30 min. After spin at 12,000 rpm for 5 min., 90 μLof the cell lysate was transferred to a fresh tube.

For an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) assay, 10 μL of thelysate was used for p-FAK(Y397) elisa assay. ELISA was done using theFAK [pY397] Phospho-ELISA Kit (ThermoFisher Scientific, KH00441)according to the manufacturer's instructions. Briefly, a monoclonalcapture antibody specific for FAK has been coated onto the wells of the96-well plate provided. During the first incubation, 50 μL standards ofknown p-FAK (Y397) content and compound treated samples (10 μL lysate)plus 40 μL diluent buffer were pipetted into the wells and let the p-FAKantigen standards and samples bind to the immobilized (capture) antibodyon the plate, a rabbit antibody specific for p-FAK (Y397) 50 μL/well wasadded to the wells, this antibody serves as a detection antibody bybinding to the p-FAK protein during a 3 hr. incubation at roomtemperature. After washing 4 times, a horseradish peroxidase labeledanti-rabbit IgG was added. This binds to the detection antibody. After a30 min. incubation and washing to remove all the unbound enzyme, asubstrate solution (TMB) was added, which was acted upon by the boundenzyme to produce color. The intensity of this colored product wasdirectly proportional to the concentration of p-FAK(Y397) present in thesamples and the optical density can be read on a standard microplatereader at 450 nM.

EC₅₀, the concentration at which 50% inhibition occurs, was evaluatedbased on the phospho-FAK(Y397) signal difference between the cells in awell treated with the test compound and not-treated which was regardedas 100%. The calculation of EC₅₀ and the result analysis were carriedout using Microsoft Excel, and the results are shown in Table 9, whereinA means that EC₅₀<100 nM, B means that EC₅₀ is 100-1,000 nM, C meansthat EC₅₀ is 1,000-3,000 nM, and D means that EC₅₀>3,000 nM.

TABLE 9 Inhibitory Activity against FAK in Cells Compound No. EC₅₀ (nM)11 A 18 A 19 B 20 B

As shown in Table 9, many compounds showed inhibitory activity againstFAK phosphorylation at tyrosine 397 in PC3 cancer cells.

For western blotting analysis, to the 90 lysate, 30 μL of 4×LDS bufferwas added. The samples were boiled on a 100° C. heat block for 10 min.25 μL lysate was loaded on to SDS-PAGE gel (NuPAGE™ Novex™ 4-12%Bis-Tris Midi Protein Gels, cat. no. WG1402BOX, ThermoFisher) forwestern blotting analysis. Antibodies used for immunoblot analysisinclude FAK and Phospho-FAK(Y397) (cat. no. 3285 and 8556; CellSignaling Technology, Beverly, Mass.). p-FAK(Y397) (clone 141-9) (cat.no. 44-625G, rabbit anti-FAKY397 ThermoFisher). Membranes were detectedusing infrared fluorescence dye (IRDye® 800CW Donkey anti-Rabbit IgG(H+L), cat. no. P/N 925-32213; IRDye® 680RD Donkey anti-Mouse IgG (H+L),cat. no. P/N 925-68072 and scanned on a LiCor Odyssey scanner (LiCorBiosciences, Lincoln, NB).

Example 9. Inhibitory Activity Against ERK in Cells Cell-Based ERK1/2(T202 Y204) Phosphorylation Assay

EOL-1 cells were cultured in RPMI-1640 medium with 10% fetal bovineserum (FBS) and 1% penicillin/streptomycin (Gibco BRL). Before theassay, EOL-1 cells were counted and seeded at 1×10⁶ cells/well in a6-well plate, cultured overnight in RPMI-1640 medium with 10% FBS. Thecells were treated with certain compounds of Compounds 1-24 at 0˜3 μMfor 3 hr. or 15 hr. at 37° C., then the cells were harvested, followedby 5 min. spin at 2000 rpm. After aspirating the supernatant, the cellswere washed with cold PBS, span again, then 100 μL of RIPA lysis buffer(50 mM Tris-HCl, 1 mM EDTA, 1% NP-40, 0.5% sodium deoxycholate, and 0.1%SDS, pH 7.4, 150 mM NaCl, 1 mM Na₃VO₄) was added to the cell pellet tolyse the cells on ice for 30 min. After spin at 12,000 rpm for 5 min.,90 μL of the cell lysate was transferred to a fresh tube.

For an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) assay, 10 μL of thelysate was used for p-ERK1/2 (T202/Y204) elisa assay. ELISA was doneusing the ERK ½ (pT202/Y204+Total) ELISA Kit (Abcam, ab176660) accordingto the manufacturer's instructions. Specifically, add 50 μL of allsamples or standards to appropriate wells. Add 50 μL of the AntibodyCocktail to each well. Seal the plate and incubate for 1 hr. at r.t. ona plate shaker set to 400 rpm. Wash each well with 3×350 μL 1× WashBuffer PT. Wash by aspirating or decanting from wells then dispensing350 μL 1× Wash Buffer PT into each well. Complete removal of liquid ateach step is essential for good performance. After the last wash invertthe plate and blot it against clean with paper towels to remove excessliquid. Add 100 μL of TMB Substrate to each well and incubate for 15min. in the dark on a plate shaker set to 400 rpm. Add 100 μL of StopSolution to each well. Shake plate on a plate shaker for 1 min. to mix.Record the OD at 450 nm. This is an endpoint reading.

EC₅₀, the concentration at which 50% inhibition occurs, was evaluatedbased on the phospho-ERK1/2 (T202/Y204) signal or phospho-ERK1/2(T202/Y204)/total-ERK signal ratio difference between the cells in awell treated with the test compound and not-treated which was regardedas 100%. The calculation of EC₅₀ and the result analysis were carriedout using Microsoft Excel, and the results are shown in Table 10,wherein A means that EC₅₀<100 nM, C means that EC₅₀ is 1,000-3,000 nM.

TABLE 10 Inhibitory Activity against p-ERK in Cells Compound No. EC₅₀(nM) 11 A 12 C

As shown in Table 10, many compounds showed inhibitory activity againstERK phosphorylation at T202/Y204 in EOL-1 cancer cells.

Example 10. Cancer Cell Growth Inhibition

In order to test certain compounds of Compounds 1 to 24 for cancer cellgrowth inhibition, a leukemia cancer cell line EOL-1, and triplenegative breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 was used.

EOL-1 and MDA-MB-231 cells were cultured in a RPMI-1640 cell culturemedium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) and 1%penicillin/streptomycin (Gibco BRL).

The cancer cell lines stored in a liquid nitrogen tank were each quicklythawed at 37° C. water bath, and centrifuged to remove the DMSO in thefreezing medium. The resulting cell pellet was mixed with a culturemedium, incubated in a culture flask at 37° C. under 5% CO₂ for 2 to 3days. The EOL-1 cells were sub-cultured by 1:5˜10 dilution in freshculture medium. For MD-MB-231 cells, the culture medium was removed andthe remaining cells were washed with PBS (Phosphate Buffered Saline) andtrypsinized by trypsin-EDTA. The detached cells were sub-cultured by1:5˜10 dilution in fresh culture medium.

For the cell growth inhibition assay, the cells were seeded in 96-wellcell culture plates at 5×10⁴ cells/well for EOL-1 and 5×10³ cells/wellfor MDA-MB-231 cells in 50 μL and incubated at 37° C. under 5% CO₂ for 3to 6 hr. before the compounds were added.

Certain compounds of Compounds 1-24 were dissolved in dimethylsulfoxide(DMSO) to a concentration of 10 mM. The DMSO solution containing testcompound was diluted with a culture medium to a final concentration of600 μM, and then diluted 100 times to 6 μM as top dose followed by 1:3serial dilutions, and then add 50 μL diluted compounds to the 50 μLcells, with a final top dose at 3 μM and the plate was incubated at 37°C. under 5% CO₂ for 72 hr. The cell viability was determined by CellMeter™ Fluorimetric Cell Cytotoxicity Assay Kit (AAT Bioquest) accordingto the manufacturer's instructions. Briefly, thaw and warm up the AssaySolution (Component A) to 37° C., and mix it thoroughly. Add 20 μL/well(96-well plate) of Assay Solution (Component A). Mix the reagents byshaking the plate gently for 30 seconds. Incubate the cells in a 37° C.,5% CO2 incubator for 1-24 hr., protected from light. Monitor thefluorescence intensity (bottom read) at Ex/Em=540/590 nm. Alternatively,read the O.D. at 570 nm (the reference wavelength should be 600 nm) todetermine the cell viability in each well.

IC₅₀, the concentration at which 50% inhibition occurs, was evaluatedbased on the difference between the final density of the test cells andthe initial density of the cells incubated in a well not-treated withthe test compound which was regarded as 100%. The calculation of GI₅₀and the result analysis were carried out using Microsoft Excel, and theresults are shown in Table 11.

TABLE 11 IC₅₀ of Exemplary Compounds EOL1 MDA-MB-231 Compound No. IC₅₀(μM) IC₅₀ (μM) 1 >3 >3 2 2 >3 3 >3 >3 5 1.9 3 7 2.5 >3 11 0.025 0.3 122.4 >3 16 2 3 18 0.75 1.5 19 0.35 2.5 20 2.25 >3 22 1.2 >3

As shown in Table 11, many compounds showed anticancer activity byinhibiting the growth of EOL-1 and MDA-MB-231 cells.

Applicant's disclosure is described herein in preferred embodiments withreference to the Figures, in which like numbers represent the same orsimilar elements. Reference throughout this specification to “oneembodiment,” “an embodiment,” or similar language means that aparticular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connectionwith the embodiment is included in at least one embodiment of thepresent invention. Thus, appearances of the phrases “in one embodiment,”“in an embodiment,” and similar language throughout this specificationmay, but do not necessarily, all refer to the same embodiment.

The described features, structures, or characteristics of Applicant'sdisclosure may be combined in any suitable manner in one or moreembodiments. In the description, herein, numerous specific details arerecited to provide a thorough understanding of embodiments of theinvention. One skilled in the relevant art will recognize, however, thatApplicant's composition and/or method may be practiced without one ormore of the specific details, or with other methods, components,materials, and so forth. In other instances, well-known structures,materials, or operations are not shown or described in detail to avoidobscuring aspects of the disclosure.

In this specification and the appended claims, the singular forms “a,”“an,” and “the” include plural reference, unless the context clearlydictates otherwise.

Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used hereinhave the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill inthe art. Although any methods and materials similar or equivalent tothose described herein can also be used in the practice or testing ofthe present disclosure, the preferred methods and materials are nowdescribed. Methods recited herein may be carried out in any order thatis logically possible, in addition to a particular order disclosed.

INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE

References and citations to other documents, such as patents, patentapplications, patent publications, journals, books, papers, webcontents, have been made in this disclosure. All such documents arehereby incorporated herein by reference in their entirety for allpurposes. Any material, or portion thereof, that is said to beincorporated by reference herein, but which conflicts with existingdefinitions, statements, or other disclosure material explicitly setforth herein is only incorporated to the extent that no conflict arisesbetween that incorporated material and the present disclosure material.In the event of a conflict, the conflict is to be resolved in favor ofthe present disclosure as the preferred disclosure.

EQUIVALENTS

The representative examples are intended to help illustrate theinvention, and are not intended to, nor should they be construed to,limit the scope of the invention. Indeed, various modifications of theinvention and many further embodiments thereof, in addition to thoseshown and described herein, will become apparent to those skilled in theart from the full contents of this document, including the examples andthe references to the scientific and patent literature included herein.The examples contain important additional information, exemplificationand guidance that can be adapted to the practice of this invention inits various embodiments and equivalents thereof.

1-47. (canceled)
 48. A method for treating, reducing, or preventing adisease or disorder, comprising administering to a subject in needthereof a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound having thestructural formula of (I):

wherein, X is NH(CH₂)_(n), O or S, wherein n is 0 or 1; A is a 5- to7-membered, aliphatic or aromatic, cyclic or heterocyclic moiety; B is a5- to 7-membered, aliphatic or aromatic, cyclic or heterocyclic moiety;R_(1′) may be absent and each of R₁ and R_(1′) (if present) isindependently selected from halogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, CN, OH,amino, carboxylic amide, sulfonamide and R_(1x), wherein R_(1x) isselected from:

optionally with at least one of R₁ and R_(1′) a group comprising anelectrophilic moiety, optionally with R₁ and R_(1′) jointly form a 4- to6-membered aliphatic or aromatic cyclic or heterocyclic moiety; each ofR₂ and R₃ is independently selected from the group consisting of: H,halogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, or R₂ and R₃ jointly form a 5- to7-membered, aliphatic or aromatic, cyclic or heterocyclic moiety; eachof R₄ and R₅ is independently selected from H, halogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl,C₁-C₆ alkoxy, CN, OH, amino, substituted carboxylic amide, substitutedsulfonamide, or R₄ and R₅ jointly form a 6- to 15-membered aliphaticcyclic or heterocyclic moiety, or a pharmaceutically acceptable formthereof, effective to treat, prevent, or reduce one or more of cancer,inflammatory disease, fibrosis, autoimmune disease, or immunologicallymediated disease, or a related disease or disorder thereof, in a mammal,including a human, and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, carrier,or diluent.
 49. The method of claim 48, effective to treat, prevent, orreduce cancer, or a related disease or disorder.
 50. The method of claim48, effective to treat, prevent, or reduce an inflammatory disease, or arelated disease or disorder.
 51. The method of claim 48, effective totreat, prevent, or reduce fibrosis, or a related disease or disorder.52. The method of claim 48, effective to treat, prevent, or reduce anautoimmune disease, or a related disease or disorder.
 53. The method ofclaim 48, effective to treat, prevent, or reduce an immunologicallymediated disease, or a related disease or disorder
 54. (canceled) 55.The method of claim 48, wherein the compound has inhibitory activity toBruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) and/or focal adhesion kinase (FAK). 56.The method of claim 55, wherein the compound is an inhibitor of BTK. 57.The method of claim 55, wherein the compound is an inhibitor of bonemarrow tyrosine kinase (BMX).
 58. The method of claim 55, wherein thecompound is an inhibitor of both BTK and BMX.
 59. The method of claim58, wherein the compound is an inhibitor of interleukin-2 inducingT-cell kinase (ITK).
 60. The method of claim 55, wherein the compound isan inhibitor of FAK.
 61. The method of claim 60, wherein the compound isan inhibitor of BTK and of FAK.
 62. The method of claim 55, wherein thecompound is an inhibitor of BTK (C481S) mutant.
 63. The method of claim55, wherein the compound is an inhibitor of extracellularsignal-regulated kinase (ERK).
 64. (canceled)
 65. The method of claim48, wherein R₁ a group comprises an electrophilic moiety.
 66. The methodof claim 48, wherein R₁ a group comprises a nucleophilic moiety.
 67. Themethod of claim 48, wherein the compound has the structural formula of:

68-79. (canceled)